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BIO163 > Ch. 27- The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch. 27- The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sex organs produce what?

A

Gametes (testes or ovaries)

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2
Q

What type of ducts develop into the reproductive system in males?

A

Mesonephric ducts

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3
Q

What type of ducts develop into the reproductive system in females?

A

Paramesonephric ducts

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4
Q

What protein does the SRY gene code for?

A

TDF

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5
Q

The SRY causes the testis to secrete what two things?

A

Testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)

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6
Q

What three structures do all 8 week old fetuses have?

A

Phallus, urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold

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7
Q

At what week is the fetus distinctively male or female?

A

Week 12

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8
Q

What is the function of the gubernaculum?

A

Shortens and guides the testes to the scrotum

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9
Q

Cryptorchidism refers to what?

A

Undescended testes

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10
Q

Sperm is stored in…

A

The epididymis

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11
Q

What structure engorges with blood during an erection?

A

Corpus cavernosa

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12
Q

Where does sperm production occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

Once the sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules, where does it go into?

A

Rete testis

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the sperm’s development of mitochondria?

A

Helps them survive the hypoxic environment of female reproductive tract

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15
Q

True or False.

Testicular veins drain to the inferior vena cava

A

True

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16
Q

Germ cells give rise to…

A

spermatozoa

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17
Q

What secrets inhibin?

A

Sustentacular cells

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18
Q

What type of cells have the receptor for FSH?

A

Sustentacular cells

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19
Q

FSH is produced where?

A

The brain

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20
Q

True or False

The blood-testis barrier is formed by gap junctions.

A

False, tight junctions

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21
Q

What makes up the blood-testis barrier?

A

Sustentacular cells

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier?

A

To prevent an immune attack/ destruction of sperm

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23
Q

Sustentacular cells secrete what?

A

Inhibin and ABP

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24
Q

What does ABP do?

A

Binds to testosterone in the tubules

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25
Q

What type of cells contain the receptor proteins for LH?

A

Interstitial/Leydig cells

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26
Q

These cells stimulate the secretion of testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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27
Q

Spermatogonia produce 2 kinds of daughter cells. Explain each type and what their role is?

A

Type A- remains outside blood-testis barrier and produces more daughter cells until death (replenishes the stock)
Type B- Undergos meiosis/spermiogenesis

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28
Q

The transformation into spermatozoon

A

Spermiogenesis

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29
Q

How many days does it take for spermatogonium to mature into spermatozoon?

A

74 days

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30
Q

What are the main changes that occur during spermiogenesis?

A

The sperm discard of excess cytoplasm and grow tails

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31
Q

What is optimal temperature for sperm production?

A

35 degrees C

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32
Q

Network of veins from testis that surround testicular artery in spermatic cord

A

Pampiniform plexus

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33
Q

What muscles of the male reproductive system contract in cold temperatures?

A

Cremaster and Dartos muscle

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34
Q

True or False

The pampiniform plexus is based on a countercurrent heat exchanger

A

True

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35
Q

A mature hypothalamus produces…

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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36
Q

What is the function of GnRH?

A

Stimulates gonadotrope cells in anterior pituitary and causes secretion of FSH and LH

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37
Q

Does inhibin increase or decrease sperm production?

A

Decrease

38
Q

What happens in menopause for men?

A

Rise in FSH and LH secretion

39
Q

What is the breakdown of semen?

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic
10% sperm

40
Q

What is normal sperm count?

A

50-120 million

41
Q

What is considered infertility?

A

< 25 million/mL

42
Q

What provides the energy for sperm motility?

A

Fructose

43
Q

A base stabilizing sperm pH at 7.2-7.6, neutralizing the vaginal tract

A

Spermine

44
Q

What type of signals produce an erection?

A

Parasympathetic

45
Q

Sympathetic nervous system propels sperm through ducts as glandular secretions are added

A

Emission

46
Q

Semen in urethra activates muscular contractions that lead to expulsion

A

Expulsion

47
Q

What happens with resolution after ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic signals constrict the internal pudendal artery and reduce blood flow to penis

48
Q

In what part of the cell cycle does chromosome replication occur?

A

S phase

49
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

50
Q

Meiosis reduces chromosome numbers _______ for gamete cells

A

In half

51
Q

True or False

Multiple oocytes go through one complete meiosis each month to produce one final viable egg

A

False

52
Q

Where exactly is the egg fertilized?

A

Upper 1/3 of fallopian tube

53
Q

What is the reproductive age in females?

A

12-50 years

54
Q

What triggers puberty in girls?

A

GnRH

55
Q

What does GnRH do in females?

A

Stimulates anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH

56
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Stimulates the follicles to secrete estrogen and progesterone

57
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Development of breasts

58
Q

What is pubarche?

A

Growth of pubic and axillary hair, apocrine and sebaceous glands

59
Q

What is menarche?

A

First menstrual period

60
Q

What is a distinctive characteristic of female hormones?

A

They are secreted cyclically and in sequence

61
Q

What does age related depletion of follicles mean?

A

Less secretion of estrogen and progesterone

62
Q

What is HRT?

A

Low dose estrogen and progesterone therapy

63
Q

Events occurring between fertilization and birth

A

Reproductive cycle

64
Q

Events recurring every month in females when pregnancy does not occur is called the…

A

Sexual cycle

65
Q

What is the hormone cycle that produces a hierarchy of control?

A

hypothalamus–> pituitary–> ovaries–> uterus

66
Q

What happens in the follicular phase (2 weeks)?

A

Menstruation first and then the uterus replaces lost endometrium and follicles grow

67
Q

What happens during the postovulatory phase (2 weeks)?

A

Corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening

68
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

GnRH

69
Q

GnRH stimulates the ____________ to produce _______ and ________

A

Anterior pituitary; FSH; LH

70
Q

FSH and LH act on the ________ to stimulate follicle growth and produce ____________ and _____________

A

Ovary; estrogen; progesterone

71
Q

High estrogen levels leads to…

A

Ovulation

72
Q

The wound in the ovary after ovulation forms the __________

A

Corpus luteum

73
Q

What layer does mitosis occur in?

A

Stratum basalis

74
Q

What causes progesterone levels to fall?

A

Atrophy of corpus luteum

75
Q

Average woman loses how much blood and serous fluid in an average menstrual cycle?

A

40 mL of blood and 35 mL of serous fluid

76
Q

What does the serous fluid contain that prevents it from clotting?

A

Fibrinolysin

77
Q

As LH increases, estrogen _________

A

Increases

78
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the implantation occurs outside of the uterus

79
Q

True or false.

Zygote is diploid

A

True

80
Q

Trophoblast secretes….

A

HCG

81
Q

HCG stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete….

A

Progesterone and estrogen

82
Q

Trophoblast develops into a membrane called the…

A

Chorion

83
Q

Progesterone is required to keep the endometrium in tact, therefore it suppresses ____________

A

Menstruation

84
Q

What are the three facts about progesterone secreted by the placenta and corpus luteum?

A
  1. Suppresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development
  2. Prevents menstruation and thickens endometrium
  3. Stimulates development of acini in breast tissue
85
Q

What are the three facts about HCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin)?

A
  1. It is called the human placental lactogen
  2. It is secreted from placenta in direct proportion to it’s size
  3. Decreases mother’s glucose usage and increases release of fatty acids
86
Q

Lack of spermatozoa in the ejaculate

A

Azoospermia

87
Q

Lowered concentration and motility of spermatozoa

A

Oligoasthenozoospermia

88
Q

Lowered proportion of spermatozoa of normal shape

A

Teratozoospermia

89
Q

Lowered concentration and motility and lowered proportion of spermatozoa of normal shape

A

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia

90
Q

Spermatozoa are not motile (they appear as dead)

A

Necrospermia

91
Q

Spermatozoa are so rare, that they could be found as far as after centrifugation of the sample

A

Cryptospermia

BIO163 (18 decks)

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