Lab Practical 2 Exam Flashcards
What is peak force?
How is time to fatigue calculated using an iWorx electromyogram?
Subject hold dynamometer in hand without clenching. Start recording, wait 10-15 seconds, and then subject clenches dynamometer with max strength. Hold as tight and long as possible. Estimate max force channel. When subjects clench force falls below 50% of the max clench force, stop recording. Do this for both dominant and non-dominant arm.
How do you calculate time to fatigue for EMG?
T2-T1
What is a reflex?
A quick, predictable, and involuntary response to specific stimulus.
What are the 5 parts of a reflex arc?
- Receptor
- Sensory Neuron
- Interneuron
- Motor Neuron
- Effector
Explain the 5 steps of the reflex arc.
- A receptor is a sensory neuron that is activated by a stimulus.
- It generates an afferent signal which moves along the sensory neuron’s axon from the periphery to the CNS.
- An interneuron relays the signal within the CNS.
- The CNS activates a motor neuron which carries an efferent signal from the CNS to
- An effector cell, tissue, or organ responds to the motor neuron’s signal.
What function does the pupillary light reflex evaluate?
Function of the cranial nerves II and III.
What are the 2 types of pupillary light reflex?
Direct pupillary reflex and consensual pupillary reflex.
What is a normal response of the direct pupillary reflex?
Decrease in diameter of pupil that is currently being exposed to bright light.
What type of reflex is the direct pupillary reflex?
Autonomic
What is the normal response of the consensual pupillary reflex?
Decrease in the diameter of the pupil that is not currently being exposed to bright light.
What type of reflex is the direct pupillary reflex?
Autonomic
What function does the biceps jerk reflex evaluate?
Function of level C5 and C6 of spinal nerves.
What is the normal response of the biceps jerk reflex?
A slight twitch of the biceps brachii or flexion at the elbow.
What type of reflex is the biceps jerk reflex?
Somatic
What function does the patellar reflux evaluate?
L2-L4 levels of the spinal cord.
What is the normal response of the patellar reflex?
Slight extension of the leg at the knee, often called the knee jerk.
What type of reflex is the patellar reflex?
Somatic
What function does the achilles reflex evaluate?
S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord.
What is the normal response of the achilles reflex?
Slight plantar flexion of the foot.
What type of reflex is the achilles reflex?
Somatic
What is an autonomic reflex?
Responses are produced by cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, or glands, and the subject is generally not consciously aware of the reflex action occurring.
What is a somatic reflex?
Skeletal muscles produce the response; therefore, an individual is typically aware or conscious that the reflex action is occurring.
What is visual acuity?
The capacity of the visual system to distinguish between two closely spaced objects.
A person with normal visual acuity has what type of vision?
20/20 or 100% vision acuity
What is astigmatism?
The blurred or distorted vision caused by abnormalities in the shape of the cornea or the lens of the eye.
Why do you have a blind spot?
There are no visual receptor cells at the point where the optic nerve connects with the retina. The optic disc causes the blind spot.
How did you test for a blind spot?
A meter stick was held under my right eye, my partner holding the far end. I covered my left eye. My lab partner took the card that’s marked with a dot and lined it up at the 50cm mark on the meter stick. My lab partner slowly moved the card closer to my face while I kept my right eye on the dot. I told my partner when I could no longer see the dot in my vision, and we recorded the distance the card was from my right eye. We repeated this for my left eye.
How do you use a vision disk properly?
Prepare disk by sliding the transparent arm to the 120 degrees mark on the right side. Insert letter card into slot without letting subject see. Fold down the focus marker at the zero-degree mark. Subject should be seated without glasses. Use opposite hand to hold handles for the eye you are testing. Hold disk level against the forehead and keep both eyes focused on the focus marker. Evaluator stands behind subject while slowly moving the arm towards the center of disk.
How do you determine “field of vision” values?
The subject signals when the card can first be seen. Record the degree indicated within the triangle opening in the arm.
How do you determine the “reading field of vision” values?
The subject signals when the letter on the card can first be read. Record the degree.
What is peripheral vision?
The vision around the perimeter of the eye.
What tests a subject peripheral vision?
The vision disk
What does an audiometer do?
It tests subject’s hearing levels. It produces tones of varying frequency and intensity.
What is frequency? What is it measured in?
Perceived as pitch and is measured in Hertz (Hz).
What is intensity? What is it measured in?
Perceived as loudness and is measured in decibels (dB).
What does human hearing range from?
20 to 20,000 Hz
What is the decibel level for hearing testing for children 16 and younger?
20 dB
What is the decibel level for hearing testing for adults aged 17 to 65?
25 dB
What is the decibel level for hearing testing for adults 65 and older?
40 dB
What range of frequency is hearing typically tested at?
500 to 4,000 Hz
What are the 12 cranial nerves in order?
- Olfactory
- Optic nerve
- Ocular
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
What 2 joint movements are possible at the tibiofibulotalar (ankle) joint?
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
What 4 joint movements are possible at the tibiofemoral (knee) joint?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
What 7 joint movements are possible at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
- Circumduction
What 2 joint movements are possible at the humeroulnar (elbow) joint?
Flexion and extension
What 2 muscles aid the ankle joint?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
What kind of joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge
What 3 muscles aid the knee joint?
Tibalis anterior, quadriceps, and hamstrings.
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge
What 2 muscles aid the shoulder joint?
Deltoid and biceps brachii.
What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket
What muscles aid the elbow joint?
Biceps brachii and the triceps brachii.
What kind of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge
What is the difference between the field of vision values and reading field of vision values?
The field of vision values is the value when an object can first be seen by subject. Reading field of vision value is the value of when object can first be read by subject.
