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Human Anatomy & Physiology > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types in the human body?

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue ______ body surfaces and _____body cavities, forms _________, and is __________.

A

Covers, lines, all glands, avascular.

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4
Q

What are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.

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5
Q

Protection function of epithelial tissue

A

Protects deeper tissues from injury and infection.

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6
Q

Secretion function of epithelial tissue

A

Produces and releases mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances.

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7
Q

Epithelial tissue excretion function

A

Voids waste from the tissues.

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8
Q

Absorption function of epithelial tissue

A

Absorbs chemicals, such as nutrients.

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9
Q

Filtration function of epithelial tissue

A

All substances leaving the body are selectively filtered by an epithelium.

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue sensation function

A

Nerve endings in epithelia detect stimuli.

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11
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Most common tissue and highly variable vascular.

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue has ____ blood vessels

A

Many

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13
Q

Cartilage has ____ blood vessels

A

No

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14
Q

What are the 8 functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport.

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15
Q

Binding of organs function of connective tissue

A

Connect one bone to another, muscles to bones, skin to muscle, and holds organs in place.

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16
Q

Support function of connective tissue

A

Supports the body and it’s organs, forms internal framework of organs.

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17
Q

Physical protection function of connective tissue

A

Protects and cushions delicate organs

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18
Q

Immune protection function of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders

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19
Q

Connective tissue movement function

A

Bones provide lever system for body movement

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20
Q

Storage function of connective tissue

A

Maintains stores of fat, calcium, and phosphorus.

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21
Q

Heat production of connective tissue

A

Metabolism of brown fat generates heat

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22
Q

Transport function of connective tissue

A

Blood transport gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.

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23
Q

Muscle tissue is specialized to ________ when ________, exerting a ________ on other ______, ______, or ________. Also an important source of __________.

A

Contract, stimulated, physical force, tissues, organs, fluid. Body heat.

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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25
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

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26
Q

Nervous and muscular tissues are ______ tissues.

A

Excitable tissues

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27
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals.

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28
Q

What are the general features of epithelial tissue?

A

Avascular, basement membrane, apical surface, lateral surface, and basal surface.

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29
Q

Epithelial tissue is avascular meaning…
It is also _________ by the __________________.

A

Has no blood vessels, nourished by underlying connective tissue.

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30
Q

Secretion in epithelial tissue…

A

Produces and releases mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances.

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31
Q

Absorption in epithelial tissue…

A

Absorbs chemicals, such as nutrients.

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32
Q

Epithelial tissue rests on the…

A

Basement membrane

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33
Q

What is epithelial basement membrane?

A

The basement membrane is made up of 2 layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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34
Q

The basal lamina is made up of _____ and it is ______.

A

Glycoproteins and it is acellular

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35
Q

The reticular lamina is…

A

The underlying connective tissue attached to the basal portion.

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36
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial?

A

It faces away from the basement membrane (faces the lumen). The apical portion is free.

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37
Q

The apical surface has these fingers called…

A

Microvilli

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38
Q

The microvilli have eyelash looking things called…

A

Cilia

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39
Q

You only see sodium glucose transporters at the…

A

Apical portion

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40
Q

What is the lateral surface of epithelial? It is also called _______.

A

The surface between the basal and apical surfaces. Its called the “sidewall”.

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41
Q

What is the basal surface of epithelial?

A

It faces the basement membrane. The basal portion is attached.

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42
Q

You only see Na K ATP pump at the…

A

Basal portion.

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43
Q

Simple epithelial have how many layers?

A

1 layer

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44
Q

Stratified epithelial have how many layers?

A

Many layers

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45
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial have how many layers?

A

Falsely appear to have many layers, but only has 1 layer.

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46
Q

Simple squamous cell shapes are…

A

Thin, scaly cells, and nucleus is squished. They have a fried egg appearance.

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47
Q

Stratified squamous cell shapes are…

A

Deepest cells are cuboidal to columnar.

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48
Q

Simple cuboidal cell shapes are…

A

Squarish or round cells, equal length and equal width, and nucleus is round like a bead. String of bead appearance.

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49
Q

Simple columnar cell shapes are…

A

Tall, narrow cells, and nucleus is oval/elongated.

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50
Q

Transitional (urothelium) cell shapes look like… Why is it called transitional?

A

stratified squamous, but not as many layers. Topmost layer of cells change, which is why it is called transitional.

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51
Q

Simple squamous permits _________ or _______ of substances, and secretes _________.

A

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, and secretes serous fluid.

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52
Q

Simple squamous are found in areas where ______ and _______ is required. Found in…

A

Diffusion and filtration. Found in capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, and serous

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53
Q

Serous (visceral and parietal layer) is lined by…

A

Simple squamous

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54
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood vessels

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55
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sac in the lungs

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56
Q

Stratified squamous is…

A

Filled with a protein called keratin which makes it waterproof and nonadhesive.

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57
Q

What are the two kinds of stratified squamous?

A

Keratinized and non-keratinized

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58
Q

What do keratinized stratified squamous look like?

A

Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly towards the surface.

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59
Q

Function of keratinized stratified squamous

A

Resists abrasion, retards water lost through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms.

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60
Q

Where are keratinized stratified squamous found?

A

Found on the skin surface (epidermis).

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61
Q

What do non-keratinized stratified squamous look like?

A

Same as keratinized stratified squamous, but without the surface layer of dead cells.

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62
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous function

A

Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens.

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63
Q

Where are non-keratinized stratified squamous found?

A

Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina.

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64
Q

Simple cuboidal function

A

Absorption and secretion, mucus production, and movement.

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65
Q

All glands are what kind of cells?

A

Simple cuboidal

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66
Q

Where are simple cuboidal found?

A

Found in liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubes.

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67
Q

Simple columnar function

A

Absorption and secretion (secretion of mucus).

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68
Q

Where are simple columnar found?

A

They line the digestive tract (GI tract) only from the stomach to the anal canal. Also found in the uterus, kidneys, and uterine tubes.

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69
Q

Function of transitional (urothelium)

A

Allows for filling of the urinary tract

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70
Q

Where are transitional (urothelium) found?

A

Found only in the urinary tract

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71
Q

Endothelium is a _______ layer of _____ called __________ cells that line your ____________ and ___________. They help them ______ and ________ and aid in _________.

A

Single, cells, endothelial cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels. Contract, relax, blood flow.

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72
Q

Mesothelium is a layer of ____ that _____ and _______ organs and tissues in the body. Organs examples:

A

Cells, covers, protects * the lungs, abdomen, heart, and testes.

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73
Q

What is the roll of goblet cells?

A

Cells that make mucus. They make a protein mucin; it combines with water to make mucus. Mucin + water = mucus

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74
Q

Gland is a _____ or _____ that secretes substances for use __________________ or releases them for ____________________.

A

Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body.

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75
Q

Endocrine glands have ___ ducts but do have many ______________. They discrete _____ directly into ______.

A

No, blood capillaries; hormones, blood.

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76
Q

Examples of endocrine glands (3)

A

Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands

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77
Q

Exocrine glands _______ their contact with _____________ by way of _____. Surfaces can be ________ or ___________.

A

Maintain, surface of epithelium, duct. External or internal

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78
Q

Example of external exocrine glands

A

Sweat glands, tear glands

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79
Q

Example of internal exocrine glands

A

Pancreas gland, salivary glands

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80
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) glands ________ their products by __________.

A

Release, exocytosis.

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81
Q

Examples of eccrine (merocrine) glands

A

Tear, pancreas, and gastric

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82
Q

Apocrine secretion is _______ droplet covered by _______ and ________ buds from cell _______.

A

Lipid, membrane, cytoplasm, surface.

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83
Q

Example of apocrine secretion

A

Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells

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84
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Cells accumulate a product and entire cell disintegrates. Secretes a mixture of cell fragments and synthesizes substances.

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85
Q

Examples of holocrine secretion

A

Oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids

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86
Q

General features of connective tissue

A

Most cells are not in contact with each other, and connective tissue has a highly variable vascularity

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87
Q

What is the most common tissue out of the 4 tissues types?

A

Connective tissue

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88
Q

Loose connective tissues have…

A

Many blood vessels

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89
Q

Cartilage has…

A

No blood vessels

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90
Q

8 Major functions of connective tissue

A

Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, heat production, storage, and transport.

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91
Q

Binding of organs in connective tissue

A

Connects one bone to another, connects muscles to bones, connects skin to muscles, and holds organs in place.

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92
Q

Support in connective tissue

A

Supports the body and it’s organs, forms internal framework of organs.

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93
Q

Physical protection in connective tissue

A

Protects and cushions delicate organs

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94
Q

Immune protection in connective tissue

A

Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders

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95
Q

Movement in connective tissue

A

Bones provide lever system for body movement

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96
Q

Storage in connective tissue

A

Maintains stores of fat, calcium, and phosphorus

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97
Q

Heat production in connective tissue

A

Metabolism of brown fat generates heat

98
Q

Transport in connective tissue

A

Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, and blood cells

99
Q

Fibroblasts makes _____ for ___________________

A

ECM, fibrous connective tissue

100
Q

Adipocyteextracellular matrix

A

Areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

101
Q

Ground substance

A

An unstructured material that fills the spaces between the cells. Holds water and large molecules (GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins)

102
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Large molecules that are negatively charged and hold varied degree of water. Includes polysaccharides.

103
Q

Example of GAGs

A

Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin

104
Q

Fibers give ____________ to ____ in ____

A

structural support, cells, extracellular matrix

105
Q

Collagen are ______, _______, _________ fibers that resists ____________.

A

Long, thick, unbranched, stretching

106
Q

Collagen is also called ________ because…

A

White fibers because when they are first made they are white.

107
Q

Reticular tissue is similar to __________ but they are _______, ________, and they form a _______.

A

Collagen, thin, branched, network.

108
Q

Elastic is made of a ________ called ________. They ________ which means they ________ back when ___________.

A

Protein, elastin. Recoil, stretch, stretched.

109
Q

Elastic fibers are _____ in color so they are called ______ ________.

A

Yellow, yellow fibers

110
Q

Areolar tissue has _______, ________, _______, and __________. They are __________ organized fibers with abundant __________.

A

Fibroblast, accessory cells, ECM, ground substance. Loosely, blood vessels

111
Q

Where is areolar tissue found?

A

Found right underneath the skin (underlies epithelia), in serous membrane, between muscles, in passageways for nerves and blood vessels.

112
Q

Adipose tissue is mostly made up of _______. Have a ___________ appearance (nucleus pushed to the side). Also have a _____________ appearance because it is made up of mostly adipose cells.

A

Fat cells. Signet ring. Chicken wire.

113
Q

What are the 2 types of adipose tissue?

A

White (or yellow) adipose and brown adipose

114
Q

White adipose tissue (WAT or white fat) is the most _________ and _________ type in _______.

A

Abundant, significant, adults.

115
Q

Functions of white adipose tissue

A

Provides thermal insulation, cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys, secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, and provides energy storage.

116
Q

White adipose tissue looks like ______-looking cells with _________. ________ pressed against cell __________.

A

Empty-looking, thin margins; nucleus, membrane.

117
Q

Brown adipose tissue (BAT or brown fat) is mainly in…

A

Fetuses, infants and children up to 5 years old.

118
Q

Brown adipose tissue has a rich ________ and is a ______-generating tissue.

A

Blood supply, heat-generating

119
Q

Triglyceride means

A

Fat

120
Q

Quantity of fat in adipose tissue gets…

A

Recycled continuously

121
Q

Areolar tissue has __________ between the cells and the fibers

A

Lots of space

122
Q

Areolar tissue has lots of space, so fluid comes in and sits there. It is called…

A

Edema

123
Q

Brown adipose tissue is found in the

A

Anterolateral neck, anterior abdominal wall, and between the shoulder blades

124
Q

Reticular tissue is made up of _________ and _________.

A

Reticular fibers, fibroblasts

125
Q

Reticular tissue is usually stained with…

A

A silver stain

126
Q

Reticular tissue forms the ___________ for _________________

A

Forms framework for lymphatic organs

127
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A

Found in highly vascular organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.

128
Q

Dense regular connective tissue are…

A

Densely packed (close together), have parallel collagen fibers, and have a compressed fibroblast nuclei.

129
Q

Dense regular connective tissue move…

A

In 1 direction

130
Q

Where are dense regular connective tissue found?

A

They are found in tendons. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together.

131
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibers are pulled close by collagen fibers but are pulled in all different directions. They withstand unpredictable stresses.

132
Q

Where are dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

Found in the deeper layer of the skin (dermis of the skin); capsules around joints and organs

133
Q

Hyaline has ___________________ and no ________________.

A

Fine collagen fibers. No elastic fibers.

134
Q

What does hyaline look like?

A

Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers.

135
Q

Function of hyaline: eases _________, holds _______ open, and moves ______ chords.

A

Joint movement, airways, vocal chords.

136
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

137
Q

All respiratory cartilages are made up of…

A

Hyaline cartilage

138
Q

Where is hyaline found?

A

Found in articulate cartilage (at ends of bones, needed to reduce friction), costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, and fetal skeleton.

139
Q

All bones in the embryonic skeleton below the clavicle are made up of…

A

Hyaline cartilage

140
Q

Elastic cartilage connective tissue contains an ________ of _______ fibers. Covered with ___________.

A

Abundance, elastic. Perichondrium.

141
Q

Function of elastic

A

Provides flexible, elastic support

142
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Found in external ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian tube/auditory tube/pharyngotympanic tube.

143
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Spoon shaped cartilage covering the glottis which is between the vocal cords. It directs water/food/air to its correct passageways.

144
Q

The epiglottis is also called…

A

The guardian of the airways

145
Q

Fibrocartilage contain large ___________ of ______________.

A

Large, course bundles of collagen fibers.

146
Q

Fibrocartilage resists ________ and absorbs _________.

A

Compression, shock

147
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Found in between the vertebral bones, pubic symphysis, and mandibular symphysis.

148
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines the passages that open to the external environment. It’s a wet membrane and often has goblet cells.

149
Q

Example of a mucous membrane

A

Digestive tract

150
Q

Functions of mucous membrane

A

Absorption, secretion, and protection.

151
Q

Sublayers of mucous membrane

A

Epithelium, lamina propria (areolar tissue), and muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle).

152
Q

Mucous membranes epithelial tissue type

A

Simple columnar/pseudostratified ciliated columnar

153
Q

Mucous membrane connective tissue type

A

Areolar

154
Q

Serous membrane (serosa)

A

Lines some internal body cavities that do no open to the external environment. It’s a wet membrane.

155
Q

Serous membrane produces _______ that arises from _______. It ______ organs and ______ walls of body cavities.

A

Serous fluid, blood. Covers, lines

156
Q

Serous membrane epithelial tissue type is _________________ called a ___________ which ______ on a layer of __________ tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium, rests, areolar

157
Q

Serous membrane connective tissue type

A

Areolar

158
Q

Serous membrane examples

A

Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

159
Q

Matrix (extracellular material) is composed of…

A

Fibrous proteins, and clear gel called ground substance.

160
Q

Ground substance is also known as…

A

Tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel

161
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg

162
Q

Gastrulation

A

A formation of a 3-layer embryonic disc. You have an outermost layer of cells (ectoderm), middle layer of cells (mesoderm), and the inner most layer of cells (endoderm).

163
Q

Our primary tissues arise from the…

A

3 germ layers

164
Q

Longitudinal section (l.s.)

A

Tissue cut on its long axis. Typically used

165
Q

Cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)

A

Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ. Typically used.

166
Q

Oblique section

A

Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections. Rarely or uncommonly used.

167
Q

When staining the cells, the nucleus will be ____ or _____, cytoplasm will be ______ in color. This is because of ______.

A

Blue or purple, light pink, proteins

168
Q

Smear

A

Tissue is rubbed across a slide

169
Q

Example of a smear

A

Blood smear

170
Q

The stain for histology is…

A

Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)

171
Q

Spread

A

Some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out in a slide.

172
Q

Example of spread slide

A

Areolar tissue slide

173
Q

All cells which belong to epithelial tissue rest…

A

On a basement membrane

174
Q

Lamina means

A

Sheet

175
Q

Cells belonging to epithelia tissue receive nutrition from the…

A

Underlying connective tissue

176
Q

All cells which belong to epithelial tissue are highly…

A

Innervated

177
Q

Innervated means

A

Rigidly supplied with sensory nerve fibers

178
Q

All cells which belong to epithelial tissue have a tremendous potential to…

A

Regenerate

179
Q

It takes ______ days for our skin cells to regenerate.

A

27-45 days

180
Q

Stomach epithelial cells regenerate once every _____ days

A

3-5 days

181
Q

Epithelial tissues have a high rate of…

A

Mitosis

182
Q

Epithelial tissues are classified based on what 2 things?

A

The number of layers and the shape of the cells.

183
Q

All cells touch basement membrane in…

A

Simple epithelia

184
Q

Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane in…

A

Stratified epithelia

185
Q

Chondroblasts make ____ for ________

A

EMC, cartilage.

186
Q

Chondroblasts turns into a…

A

Chondrocyte

187
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature cell, maintains ECM

188
Q

Fibroblasts turn into a…

A

Fibrocyte

189
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Mature cell, maintains ECM

190
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Makes ECM for bones

191
Q

Osteoblasts turns into an…

A

Osteocyte

192
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature cell, maintains ECM

193
Q

Hematoblasts

A

Makes ECM for blood

194
Q

Hematoblasts turns into a…

A

Hematocyte

195
Q

Hematocyte

A

Mature cell, maintains ECM

196
Q

Blast means…

A

Immature

197
Q

Accessory cells are…

A

Helper cells that help the main cells

198
Q

Main cells are…

A

Different types of connective tissue

199
Q

Adipocytes are ____ cells. They give ________.

A

Fat, nutrition

200
Q

Mast cells

A

Ovoid (oval) shaped cells that have granules with 2 chemicals: histamine and heparin

201
Q

Histamine is a…

A

Vasodilator

202
Q

Heparin is a…

A

Anticoagulant

203
Q

White blood cells are also called…

A

Leukocytes

204
Q

Function of white blood cells (WBC)

A

Function in immune defense

205
Q

How many different types of white blood cells are there?

A

5

206
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma, monocytes, and macrophages

207
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Fight bacterial infections

208
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

Fight against viral and fungal infections

209
Q

Lymphocytes change themselves into…

A

Plasma cells

210
Q

Plasma cells make…

A

Antibodies

211
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Fight again chronic infections. They are the second line of defense

212
Q

Monocytes turn into…

A

Macrophages

213
Q

Macrophages are…

A

Big eaters

214
Q

Function of cell adhesive glycoproteins

A

Glues the cell in place

215
Q

Mesenchyme can change itself into a…

A

Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, and hematoblast.

216
Q

You get connective tissue blood from…

A

Hematoblasts

217
Q

You get connective tissue bone from…

A

Osteoblasts

218
Q

You get connective tissue cartilage from…

A

Chondroblasts

219
Q

You get fibrous connective tissue from…

A

Fibroblast

220
Q

When there’s lots of empty space between the cells and the fibers it is called…

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue

221
Q

Cartilage connective tissue ECM is…

A

Firm and flexible.

222
Q

The Chondroblasts create space around them called…

A

Lacunae (little lake)

223
Q

Cartilage is avascular so any injury…

A

Heals slowly

224
Q

Membrane

A

Simple organs that are made up of 2 tissues: epithelial and connective

225
Q

What are the 3 types of membranes?

A

Cutaneous, mucous, and serous

226
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

The skin; largest membrane in the body. It’s a dry membrane

227
Q

Cutaneous membrane is what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial tissue (also called epidermis)

228
Q

Cutaneous membrane is what type of connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (also called dermis)

229
Q

The mesothelium that covers the lungs and chest wall is called…

A

Pleura

230
Q

The mesothelium that covers the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall is called…

A

Peritoneum

231
Q

The mesothelium that covers the heart is called…

A

Pericardium

232
Q

The mesothelium that covers the testes is called…

A

Tunica vaginalis

233
Q

Palms and soles are heavily….

A

Keratinized

234
Q

What are the 5 layers of skin?

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. C.L.G.S.B.

235
Q

Which layer of the skin is the dead cells? This is the layer we see.

A

Stratum corneum

236
Q

The 5 layers of skin is also called…

A

Epidermis

237
Q

Each layer of skin is made up of _____ layers

A

5-25 layers

238
Q

What is the function of the 5 layers of skin (epidermis)?

A

Protection, so skin is for protection

239
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm (outer), endoderm (inner), and mesoderm (middle).

240
Q

Histological sections are…

A

Tissue sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick.

241
Q

Fixative

A

A chemical such as formalin that prevents decay

242
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Composed of fine, wispy collagen fibers and branching mesenchymal cells embedded in ground substance.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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