EXAM 2 Flashcards
Histology
The study of tissues
What are the 4 basic tissue types in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.
Epithelial tissue ______ body surfaces and _____body cavities, forms _________, and is __________.
Covers, lines, all glands, avascular.
What are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.
Protection function of epithelial tissue
Protects deeper tissues from injury and infection.
Secretion function of epithelial tissue
Produces and releases mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances.
Epithelial tissue excretion function
Voids waste from the tissues.
Absorption function of epithelial tissue
Absorbs chemicals, such as nutrients.
Filtration function of epithelial tissue
All substances leaving the body are selectively filtered by an epithelium.
Epithelial tissue sensation function
Nerve endings in epithelia detect stimuli.
What is connective tissue?
Most common tissue and highly variable vascular.
Loose connective tissue has ____ blood vessels
Many
Cartilage has ____ blood vessels
No
What are the 8 functions of connective tissue?
Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport.
Binding of organs function of connective tissue
Connect one bone to another, muscles to bones, skin to muscle, and holds organs in place.
Support function of connective tissue
Supports the body and it’s organs, forms internal framework of organs.
Physical protection function of connective tissue
Protects and cushions delicate organs
Immune protection function of connective tissue
Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders
Connective tissue movement function
Bones provide lever system for body movement
Storage function of connective tissue
Maintains stores of fat, calcium, and phosphorus.
Heat production of connective tissue
Metabolism of brown fat generates heat
Transport function of connective tissue
Blood transport gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.
Muscle tissue is specialized to ________ when ________, exerting a ________ on other ______, ______, or ________. Also an important source of __________.
Contract, stimulated, physical force, tissues, organs, fluid. Body heat.
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Excitability
Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
Nervous and muscular tissues are ______ tissues.
Excitable tissues
What is nervous tissue?
Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals.
What are the general features of epithelial tissue?
Avascular, basement membrane, apical surface, lateral surface, and basal surface.
Epithelial tissue is avascular meaning…
It is also _________ by the __________________.
Has no blood vessels, nourished by underlying connective tissue.
Secretion in epithelial tissue…
Produces and releases mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances.
Absorption in epithelial tissue…
Absorbs chemicals, such as nutrients.
Epithelial tissue rests on the…
Basement membrane
What is epithelial basement membrane?
The basement membrane is made up of 2 layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina.
The basal lamina is made up of _____ and it is ______.
Glycoproteins and it is acellular
The reticular lamina is…
The underlying connective tissue attached to the basal portion.
What is the apical surface of epithelial?
It faces away from the basement membrane (faces the lumen). The apical portion is free.
The apical surface has these fingers called…
Microvilli
The microvilli have eyelash looking things called…
Cilia
You only see sodium glucose transporters at the…
Apical portion
What is the lateral surface of epithelial? It is also called _______.
The surface between the basal and apical surfaces. Its called the “sidewall”.
What is the basal surface of epithelial?
It faces the basement membrane. The basal portion is attached.
You only see Na K ATP pump at the…
Basal portion.
Simple epithelial have how many layers?
1 layer
Stratified epithelial have how many layers?
Many layers
Pseudostratified epithelial have how many layers?
Falsely appear to have many layers, but only has 1 layer.
Simple squamous cell shapes are…
Thin, scaly cells, and nucleus is squished. They have a fried egg appearance.
Stratified squamous cell shapes are…
Deepest cells are cuboidal to columnar.
Simple cuboidal cell shapes are…
Squarish or round cells, equal length and equal width, and nucleus is round like a bead. String of bead appearance.
Simple columnar cell shapes are…
Tall, narrow cells, and nucleus is oval/elongated.
Transitional (urothelium) cell shapes look like… Why is it called transitional?
stratified squamous, but not as many layers. Topmost layer of cells change, which is why it is called transitional.
Simple squamous permits _________ or _______ of substances, and secretes _________.
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, and secretes serous fluid.
Simple squamous are found in areas where ______ and _______ is required. Found in…
Diffusion and filtration. Found in capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, and serous
Serous (visceral and parietal layer) is lined by…
Simple squamous
Capillaries
Blood vessels
Alveoli
Air sac in the lungs
Stratified squamous is…
Filled with a protein called keratin which makes it waterproof and nonadhesive.
What are the two kinds of stratified squamous?
Keratinized and non-keratinized
What do keratinized stratified squamous look like?
Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly towards the surface.
Function of keratinized stratified squamous
Resists abrasion, retards water lost through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms.
Where are keratinized stratified squamous found?
Found on the skin surface (epidermis).
What do non-keratinized stratified squamous look like?
Same as keratinized stratified squamous, but without the surface layer of dead cells.
Non-keratinized stratified squamous function
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens.
Where are non-keratinized stratified squamous found?
Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina.
Simple cuboidal function
Absorption and secretion, mucus production, and movement.
All glands are what kind of cells?
Simple cuboidal
Where are simple cuboidal found?
Found in liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubes.
Simple columnar function
Absorption and secretion (secretion of mucus).
Where are simple columnar found?
They line the digestive tract (GI tract) only from the stomach to the anal canal. Also found in the uterus, kidneys, and uterine tubes.
Function of transitional (urothelium)
Allows for filling of the urinary tract
Where are transitional (urothelium) found?
Found only in the urinary tract
Endothelium is a _______ layer of _____ called __________ cells that line your ____________ and ___________. They help them ______ and ________ and aid in _________.
Single, cells, endothelial cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels. Contract, relax, blood flow.
Mesothelium is a layer of ____ that _____ and _______ organs and tissues in the body. Organs examples:
Cells, covers, protects * the lungs, abdomen, heart, and testes.
What is the roll of goblet cells?
Cells that make mucus. They make a protein mucin; it combines with water to make mucus. Mucin + water = mucus
Gland is a _____ or _____ that secretes substances for use __________________ or releases them for ____________________.
Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body.
Endocrine glands have ___ ducts but do have many ______________. They discrete _____ directly into ______.
No, blood capillaries; hormones, blood.
Examples of endocrine glands (3)
Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands
Exocrine glands _______ their contact with _____________ by way of _____. Surfaces can be ________ or ___________.
Maintain, surface of epithelium, duct. External or internal
Example of external exocrine glands
Sweat glands, tear glands
Example of internal exocrine glands
Pancreas gland, salivary glands
Eccrine (merocrine) glands ________ their products by __________.
Release, exocytosis.
Examples of eccrine (merocrine) glands
Tear, pancreas, and gastric
Apocrine secretion is _______ droplet covered by _______ and ________ buds from cell _______.
Lipid, membrane, cytoplasm, surface.
Example of apocrine secretion
Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells
Holocrine secretion
Cells accumulate a product and entire cell disintegrates. Secretes a mixture of cell fragments and synthesizes substances.
Examples of holocrine secretion
Oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids
General features of connective tissue
Most cells are not in contact with each other, and connective tissue has a highly variable vascularity
What is the most common tissue out of the 4 tissues types?
Connective tissue
Loose connective tissues have…
Many blood vessels
Cartilage has…
No blood vessels
8 Major functions of connective tissue
Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, heat production, storage, and transport.
Binding of organs in connective tissue
Connects one bone to another, connects muscles to bones, connects skin to muscles, and holds organs in place.
Support in connective tissue
Supports the body and it’s organs, forms internal framework of organs.
Physical protection in connective tissue
Protects and cushions delicate organs
Immune protection in connective tissue
Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders
Movement in connective tissue
Bones provide lever system for body movement
Storage in connective tissue
Maintains stores of fat, calcium, and phosphorus
Heat production in connective tissue
Metabolism of brown fat generates heat
Transport in connective tissue
Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, and blood cells
Fibroblasts makes _____ for ___________________
ECM, fibrous connective tissue
Adipocyteextracellular matrix
Areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
Ground substance
An unstructured material that fills the spaces between the cells. Holds water and large molecules (GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins)
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Large molecules that are negatively charged and hold varied degree of water. Includes polysaccharides.
Example of GAGs
Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin
Fibers give ____________ to ____ in ____
structural support, cells, extracellular matrix
Collagen are ______, _______, _________ fibers that resists ____________.
Long, thick, unbranched, stretching
Collagen is also called ________ because…
White fibers because when they are first made they are white.
Reticular tissue is similar to __________ but they are _______, ________, and they form a _______.
Collagen, thin, branched, network.
Elastic is made of a ________ called ________. They ________ which means they ________ back when ___________.
Protein, elastin. Recoil, stretch, stretched.
Elastic fibers are _____ in color so they are called ______ ________.
Yellow, yellow fibers
Areolar tissue has _______, ________, _______, and __________. They are __________ organized fibers with abundant __________.
Fibroblast, accessory cells, ECM, ground substance. Loosely, blood vessels
Where is areolar tissue found?
Found right underneath the skin (underlies epithelia), in serous membrane, between muscles, in passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
Adipose tissue is mostly made up of _______. Have a ___________ appearance (nucleus pushed to the side). Also have a _____________ appearance because it is made up of mostly adipose cells.
Fat cells. Signet ring. Chicken wire.
What are the 2 types of adipose tissue?
White (or yellow) adipose and brown adipose
White adipose tissue (WAT or white fat) is the most _________ and _________ type in _______.
Abundant, significant, adults.
Functions of white adipose tissue
Provides thermal insulation, cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys, secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, and provides energy storage.
White adipose tissue looks like ______-looking cells with _________. ________ pressed against cell __________.
Empty-looking, thin margins; nucleus, membrane.
Brown adipose tissue (BAT or brown fat) is mainly in…
Fetuses, infants and children up to 5 years old.
Brown adipose tissue has a rich ________ and is a ______-generating tissue.
Blood supply, heat-generating
Triglyceride means
Fat
Quantity of fat in adipose tissue gets…
Recycled continuously
Areolar tissue has __________ between the cells and the fibers
Lots of space
Areolar tissue has lots of space, so fluid comes in and sits there. It is called…
Edema
Brown adipose tissue is found in the
Anterolateral neck, anterior abdominal wall, and between the shoulder blades
Reticular tissue is made up of _________ and _________.
Reticular fibers, fibroblasts
Reticular tissue is usually stained with…
A silver stain
Reticular tissue forms the ___________ for _________________
Forms framework for lymphatic organs
Where is reticular tissue found?
Found in highly vascular organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
Dense regular connective tissue are…
Densely packed (close together), have parallel collagen fibers, and have a compressed fibroblast nuclei.
Dense regular connective tissue move…
In 1 direction
Where are dense regular connective tissue found?
They are found in tendons. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together.
Dense irregular connective tissue
Fibers are pulled close by collagen fibers but are pulled in all different directions. They withstand unpredictable stresses.
Where are dense irregular connective tissue found?
Found in the deeper layer of the skin (dermis of the skin); capsules around joints and organs
Hyaline has ___________________ and no ________________.
Fine collagen fibers. No elastic fibers.
What does hyaline look like?
Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers.
Function of hyaline: eases _________, holds _______ open, and moves ______ chords.
Joint movement, airways, vocal chords.
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
All respiratory cartilages are made up of…
Hyaline cartilage
Where is hyaline found?
Found in articulate cartilage (at ends of bones, needed to reduce friction), costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, and fetal skeleton.
All bones in the embryonic skeleton below the clavicle are made up of…
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage connective tissue contains an ________ of _______ fibers. Covered with ___________.
Abundance, elastic. Perichondrium.
Function of elastic
Provides flexible, elastic support
Where is elastic cartilage found?
Found in external ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian tube/auditory tube/pharyngotympanic tube.
What is the epiglottis?
Spoon shaped cartilage covering the glottis which is between the vocal cords. It directs water/food/air to its correct passageways.
The epiglottis is also called…
The guardian of the airways
Fibrocartilage contain large ___________ of ______________.
Large, course bundles of collagen fibers.
Fibrocartilage resists ________ and absorbs _________.
Compression, shock
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Found in between the vertebral bones, pubic symphysis, and mandibular symphysis.
Mucous membrane
Lines the passages that open to the external environment. It’s a wet membrane and often has goblet cells.
Example of a mucous membrane
Digestive tract
Functions of mucous membrane
Absorption, secretion, and protection.
Sublayers of mucous membrane
Epithelium, lamina propria (areolar tissue), and muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle).
Mucous membranes epithelial tissue type
Simple columnar/pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Mucous membrane connective tissue type
Areolar
Serous membrane (serosa)
Lines some internal body cavities that do no open to the external environment. It’s a wet membrane.
Serous membrane produces _______ that arises from _______. It ______ organs and ______ walls of body cavities.
Serous fluid, blood. Covers, lines
Serous membrane epithelial tissue type is _________________ called a ___________ which ______ on a layer of __________ tissue
Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium, rests, areolar
Serous membrane connective tissue type
Areolar
Serous membrane examples
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Matrix (extracellular material) is composed of…
Fibrous proteins, and clear gel called ground substance.
Ground substance is also known as…
Tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
Zygote
A fertilized egg
Gastrulation
A formation of a 3-layer embryonic disc. You have an outermost layer of cells (ectoderm), middle layer of cells (mesoderm), and the inner most layer of cells (endoderm).
Our primary tissues arise from the…
3 germ layers
Longitudinal section (l.s.)
Tissue cut on its long axis. Typically used
Cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)
Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ. Typically used.
Oblique section
Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections. Rarely or uncommonly used.
When staining the cells, the nucleus will be ____ or _____, cytoplasm will be ______ in color. This is because of ______.
Blue or purple, light pink, proteins
Smear
Tissue is rubbed across a slide
Example of a smear
Blood smear
The stain for histology is…
Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)
Spread
Some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out in a slide.
Example of spread slide
Areolar tissue slide
All cells which belong to epithelial tissue rest…
On a basement membrane
Lamina means
Sheet
Cells belonging to epithelia tissue receive nutrition from the…
Underlying connective tissue
All cells which belong to epithelial tissue are highly…
Innervated
Innervated means
Rigidly supplied with sensory nerve fibers
All cells which belong to epithelial tissue have a tremendous potential to…
Regenerate
It takes ______ days for our skin cells to regenerate.
27-45 days
Stomach epithelial cells regenerate once every _____ days
3-5 days
Epithelial tissues have a high rate of…
Mitosis
Epithelial tissues are classified based on what 2 things?
The number of layers and the shape of the cells.
All cells touch basement membrane in…
Simple epithelia
Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane in…
Stratified epithelia
Chondroblasts make ____ for ________
EMC, cartilage.
Chondroblasts turns into a…
Chondrocyte
Chondrocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
Fibroblasts turn into a…
Fibrocyte
Fibrocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
Osteoblasts
Makes ECM for bones
Osteoblasts turns into an…
Osteocyte
Osteocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
Hematoblasts
Makes ECM for blood
Hematoblasts turns into a…
Hematocyte
Hematocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
Blast means…
Immature
Accessory cells are…
Helper cells that help the main cells
Main cells are…
Different types of connective tissue
Adipocytes are ____ cells. They give ________.
Fat, nutrition
Mast cells
Ovoid (oval) shaped cells that have granules with 2 chemicals: histamine and heparin
Histamine is a…
Vasodilator
Heparin is a…
Anticoagulant
White blood cells are also called…
Leukocytes
Function of white blood cells (WBC)
Function in immune defense
How many different types of white blood cells are there?
5
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma, monocytes, and macrophages
Function of neutrophils
Fight bacterial infections
Function of lymphocytes
Fight against viral and fungal infections
Lymphocytes change themselves into…
Plasma cells
Plasma cells make…
Antibodies
Function of monocytes
Fight again chronic infections. They are the second line of defense
Monocytes turn into…
Macrophages
Macrophages are…
Big eaters
Function of cell adhesive glycoproteins
Glues the cell in place
Mesenchyme can change itself into a…
Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, and hematoblast.
You get connective tissue blood from…
Hematoblasts
You get connective tissue bone from…
Osteoblasts
You get connective tissue cartilage from…
Chondroblasts
You get fibrous connective tissue from…
Fibroblast
When there’s lots of empty space between the cells and the fibers it is called…
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Cartilage connective tissue ECM is…
Firm and flexible.
The Chondroblasts create space around them called…
Lacunae (little lake)
Cartilage is avascular so any injury…
Heals slowly
Membrane
Simple organs that are made up of 2 tissues: epithelial and connective
What are the 3 types of membranes?
Cutaneous, mucous, and serous
Cutaneous membrane
The skin; largest membrane in the body. It’s a dry membrane
Cutaneous membrane is what type of epithelial tissue?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial tissue (also called epidermis)
Cutaneous membrane is what type of connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue (also called dermis)
The mesothelium that covers the lungs and chest wall is called…
Pleura
The mesothelium that covers the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall is called…
Peritoneum
The mesothelium that covers the heart is called…
Pericardium
The mesothelium that covers the testes is called…
Tunica vaginalis
Palms and soles are heavily….
Keratinized
What are the 5 layers of skin?
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. C.L.G.S.B.
Which layer of the skin is the dead cells? This is the layer we see.
Stratum corneum
The 5 layers of skin is also called…
Epidermis
Each layer of skin is made up of _____ layers
5-25 layers
What is the function of the 5 layers of skin (epidermis)?
Protection, so skin is for protection
What are the 3 germ layers?
Ectoderm (outer), endoderm (inner), and mesoderm (middle).
Histological sections are…
Tissue sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick.
Fixative
A chemical such as formalin that prevents decay
Mesenchyme
Composed of fine, wispy collagen fibers and branching mesenchymal cells embedded in ground substance.
