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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

A

To ensure that observations are valid, reliable, and objective.

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2
Q

Broken test tubes/beakers should be discarded into what container?

A

Glass waste container

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3
Q

Used scalpel blades should be discarded into which container?

A

Sharp object waste container

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4
Q

Chemical waste should be poured into which container?

A

Chemical waste container

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5
Q

Animal tissue waste should be placed in which container?

A

Specimen waste container

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6
Q

Before you begin the lab, you should disinfect…

A

The bench and lab apron

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7
Q

After you finish the lab, you should disinfect…

A

The bench and lab apron

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8
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Gather information
  3. Propose a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis
  5. Analyze and present the results
  6. Conclusion
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9
Q

What is the observation step in the scientific method?

A

Make observations regarding an environment, condition or situation.

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10
Q

What is the gather information step in the scientific method?

A

Gather and analyze information about topics directly related to your observations.

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11
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An educated guess specifically developed to explain your observations.

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12
Q

What is the propose a hypothesis step in the scientific method?

A

Form a hypothesis that is free of bias.

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13
Q

What is the test the hypothesis step in the scientific method?

A

Use experimental materials and methods that will validly and reliably test the hypothesis and record the results.

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14
Q

What is the analyze and present the results step in the scientific method?

A

The data can be presented in many different formats and often include tables, figures, and graphs.

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15
Q

What is the conclusion step in the scientific method?

A

Explain whether the data supports or rejects the hypothesis.

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16
Q

The base unit for mass is…

A

gram (g)

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17
Q

The base unit for volume is…

A

liter (L)

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18
Q

The base unit for linear measurements is…

A

meter (m)

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19
Q

The base unit for time is…

A

seconds (s)

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20
Q

What is the prefix for 10^9/1,000,000,000?

A

giga-

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21
Q

What is the symbol for giga-?

A

G

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22
Q

What is the prefix for 10^6/1,000,000?

A

mega-

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23
Q

What is the symbol for mega-?

A

M

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24
Q

What is the prefix for 10^3/1,000?

A

kilo-

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25
Q

What is the symbol for kilo-?

A

k

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26
Q

What is the prefix for 10^2/100?

A

hecto-

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27
Q

What is the symbol for hecto-?

A

h

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28
Q

What is the prefix for 10^1/10?

A

deca-

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29
Q

What is the symbol for deca-?

A

dk or da

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30
Q

Why are significant figures used?

A

Every measurement has some degree of error. Significant figures reflect the uncertainty of measurements used in calculations.

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31
Q

What are the 6 significant figure rules?

A
  1. All non-zero numbers are significant.
  2. All zeros between non-zero numbers are significant.
  3. Whenever a number has zeros to the right of the decimal point and does not have a nonzero number at the end, the zeros are significant.
  4. All zeros before a non-zero number locate the decimal and are placeholders. Those zeros are not significant.
  5. Zeros after a non-zero number with no decimal point are not significant.
  6. Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant figures.
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32
Q

How many significant figures does 145 have?

A

3

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33
Q

How many significant figures does 1001 have?

A

4

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34
Q

How many significant numbers does 10.0 have?

A

3

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35
Q

How many significant numbers does 0.00124 have?

A

3

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36
Q

How many significant numbers does 0.0086 have?

A

2

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37
Q

How many significant numbers does 5000 have?

A

1

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38
Q

How many significant numbers does 4000.0 have?

A

5

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39
Q

What are the rounding rules for significant numbers?

A
  1. If the digit to the right of the significant figure is equal to or greater than 5, round up.
  2. If the digit to the right of the significant figure is less than 5, round down.
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40
Q

Round 4.56 to 2 significant figures.

A

4.6

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41
Q

Round 4.54 to 2 significant figures.

A

4.5

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

What is standard anatomical position?

A

It’s the reference point. The body is standing or laying supine (laying down) with the head and feet facing forward, arms laying by the sides with the palms facing forward. Thumbs are away from the midline.

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44
Q
A
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45
Q

Directional terms: right, left

A

It’s always the patient’s right/left, pictures right/left, animal’s right left, etc. NOT your right/left.

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46
Q

Directional terms: anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal)

A

Anterior means the front side. Posterior means the behind or back side.

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47
Q

Directional terms: superior (cranial), inferior (caudal)

A

Superior means towards the head end. Inferior means toward the leg or tail end.

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48
Q

Directional terms: superficial, deep

A

Superficial means closer to the surface of the skin. Deep means further from the surface of the skin.

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49
Q

Directional terms: afferent (sensory), efferent (motor)

A

Afferent means coming in; bringing in sensations. Efferent means going away; taking information away.

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50
Q

Directional terms: ipsilateral, contralateral

A

Ipsilateral means same side. Contralateral means opposite side.

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51
Q

Directional terms: medial, lateral

A

Medial means any line which is closer to the midline (median). Lateral means away from the midline.

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52
Q

Directional terms: proximal, distal

A

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment. Distal means further from the point of attachment.

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53
Q

Directional terms; parietal, visceral

A

Parietal means closer to the body wall. Visceral means closer to the organs.

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54
Q

What are body planes?

A

Imaginary lines on the human body.

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55
Q

What are body sections?

A

When you make cuts along the imaginary lines.

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56
Q

What are the 3 body planes and body sections?

A

Frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse.

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57
Q

What are frontal (coronal) planes and sections?

A

They divide the body into anterior and posterior halves. * vertical

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58
Q

What are sagittal planes and sections?

A

They divide the body into right and left halves. *vertical

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59
Q

Sagittal means…

A

Arrow

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60
Q

What are the 2 sagittal sections?

A

Midsagittal and parasagittal

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61
Q

What is midsagittal?

A

Equal right and left halves

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62
Q

What does parasagittal mean?

A

Unequal right and left halves

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63
Q

What are transverse planes and sections?

A

They divide the body into superior and inferior halves. *horizontal

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64
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Cavities mean space. Spaces in the human body are called body cavities.

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65
Q

How many main body cavities does the human body have? What are they?

A

2 main body cavities. They are anterior (ventral) cavity and posterior (dorsal) cavity.

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66
Q

What cavities make up the anterior (ventral) cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

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67
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

It is divided into 2 cavities. The pericardial cavity which houses the heart. And the pleural cavity which houses the lungs.

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68
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Bony pelvis. Divided into 4 quadrants by physicians and divided into regions by anatomists.

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69
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).

70
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Left hypochondriac region, left lumbar region, left inguinal (iliac) region, epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region, right hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, and right inguinal (iliac) region.

71
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The skeletal muscle called the diaphragm.

72
Q

What cavities make up the posterior (dorsal) cavity?

A

The cranial cavity which houses the brain. And the spinal cavity which houses the spinal cord.

73
Q

What muscle separates the cranial cavity and spinal cavity?

A

None

74
Q

What is an acid?

A

A chemical that gives off hydrogen ions

75
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an acid

76
Q

What is a salt?

A

Consists of the positive ion (cation) of a base and the negative ion (anion) of an acid

77
Q

What is pH?

A

A measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

78
Q

The pH scale ranges from…

A

0 - 14

79
Q

A solution with a measured pH between 0-6.99 is considered…

A

Acidic

80
Q

A solution with a measured pH between 7.1 and 14 is…

A

Alkaline

81
Q

A solution with a pH of 7.0 is…

A

Neutral

82
Q

An example of an acid is…

A

Stomach acid, vinegar, lemon juice

83
Q

An example of a base is…

A

Baking soda, bleach, and soapy water

84
Q

An example of a salt is…

A

Sodium chloride

85
Q

How do you properly use a pH meter?

A

Remove cap, submerge probe at the bottom in liquid, use the on/off switch, do not submerge probe above the “immersion line”, and rinse after each measurement.

86
Q

Which solution contains more hydrogen ions, acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic

87
Q

Which solution contains less hydrogen ions, acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

88
Q

What happened to the pH when HCI was added to an unbuffered solution in experiment 1?

A

The pH decreased at a faster rate than with a buffered solution. The more HCI drops we added to the water, the more the pH dropped.

89
Q

What happened to the pH when HCI was added to a buffered solution in experiment 2?

A

The pH decreased at a slower rate than an unbuffered solution. The more HCI drops we added to the buffer, the more the pH dropped.

90
Q

Why does the experimental data demonstrate the action of buffers?

A

Buffers are solutions that can resist changes in pH. The pH with the buffer solution took a lot more drops of HCI to change in pH than the water did.

91
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A solution that can resist changes in pH.

92
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

93
Q

The axial skeleton consists of…

A

The skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column.

94
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of…

A

The bones of the arms and legs (i.e., appendages) and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the appendages to the axial skeleton.

95
Q

What are 8 cranial bones of the skull?

A

1.Frontal (1)
2. parietal (2; left and right)
3. Occipital (1)
4. Temporal (2)
5. Sphenoid (1)
6. Ethmoid (1)

96
Q

What are the vertebral bone groups?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

97
Q

How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae?

A

7

98
Q

How many bones are in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

99
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

100
Q

The sacral vertebrae bones fuse to form…

A

Sacrum

101
Q

The coccygeal vertebrae bones fuse to form…

A

Coccyx

102
Q

What are the 6 bones of the os coxa (hips)?

A
  1. Ilium (2)
  2. Ischium (2)
  3. Pubis (2)
103
Q

What are the bones of the leg, ankle, and foot?

A
  1. Femur (2)
  2. Patella (2)
  3. Tibia (2)
  4. Fibula (2)
  5. Tarsals (7/foot)
  6. Metatarsals (5/foot)
  7. Phalanges (14/foot)
104
Q

What are the 14 facial bones of the skull?

A
  1. Nasal (2)
  2. Lacrimal (2)
  3. Zygomatic (2)
  4. Maxilla (2)
  5. Palatine (2)
  6. Mandible (1)
  7. Vomer (1)
  8. Inferior nasal concha (2)
105
Q

What are the other axial bones?

A
  1. Auditory ossicles (3/ear)
  2. Hyoid (1)
  3. Sternum (1)
  4. Ribs (12 pairs)
106
Q

What are the bones of the shoulder & arm?

A
  1. Scapula (2)
  2. Clavicle (2)
  3. Humerus (2)
  4. Radius (2)
  5. Ulna (2)
  6. Carpals (8/wrist)
  7. Metacarpals (5/hand)
  8. Phalanges (14/hand)
107
Q

Condyle

A

(Knuckle) smooth, rounded end of a bone covered with hyaline (articular) cartilage.

108
Q

Foramen (singular)

A

Opening or hole (plural: foramina)

109
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like opening

110
Q

Fossa

A

(ditch) shallow depression

111
Q

Sinus

A

(bay or pocket), a cavity in a bone.

112
Q

Process

A

Projection or elevation on a surface

113
Q

Head

A

A spherical or semi-spherical process at end of a long bone.

114
Q

Spine

A

Pointed or edged process

115
Q

Trochanter

A

Rough, large projection

116
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Gains water molecules because it has a higher solute concentration

117
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Loses water

118
Q

Isotonic solution

A

the movement of water across the membrane will be equal in both directions since the solute concentration on either side of the membrane is equal

119
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of solute particles from areas of high concentration towards areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

120
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane towards an area of higher solute concentration

121
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to affect osmosis (i.e., the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane)

122
Q

The rate of diffusion is affected by:

A

Temperature
Molecular weight
“Steepness” of concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Membrane permeability

123
Q

Diffusion affected by temperature

A

Higher the temp, faster the rate of diffusion

124
Q

Diffusion affected by molecular weight (size of molecule)

A

Greater the molecule size, slower the rate of diffusion

125
Q

Diffusion affected by “steepness” of concentration gradient

A

Greater the steepness (difference), faster the rate of diffusion

126
Q

Diffusion affected by membrane surface area

A

Greater the surface area, greater the diffusion

127
Q

Diffusion affected by membrane permeability

A

Greater the membrane permeability, faster the rate of diffusion

128
Q

Solute = _______

A

Particle

129
Q

Solvent = ________

A

Water

130
Q

Solution = _________ + _________

A

Solute + solvent

131
Q

Which chemicals were used in the diffusion experiment (petri dish)?

A

Potassium permanganate and methylene blue

132
Q

What is the ocular magnification?

A

10X

133
Q

What is the objective magnification of the scanning objective?

A

4X

134
Q

What is the objective magnification of the low power objective?

A

10x

135
Q

What is the objective magnification of the high dry objective?

A

40X

136
Q

What is the function of the ocular lens?

A

Magnifies the image produced by the objective lenses

137
Q

What is the function of the objective lenses?

A

Magnify the specimen

138
Q

What is the function of the coarse function knob?

A

Moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus

139
Q

What is the function of the fine focus knob?

A

Sharpens the focus quality of the image

140
Q

What is the function of the rotating nose piece?

A

Holds multiple lenses, allows user to turn it to achieve different levels of magnification

141
Q

What is the function of the mechanical stage with stage clips?

A

Holds the slide in place and allows for repositioning lengthwise and crosswise.

142
Q

What is the function of the condenser with iris diaphragm?

A

Controls the angle of the beam of light focused on the specimen

143
Q

What is the function of the light source?

A

Shines light on the object on the slide

144
Q

What is the function of the brightness adjustment control?

A

Adjusts the intensity of the light passing through the microscope

145
Q

Only transfer slides between the ______ and the _______ of the microscope.

A

Slider holder and mechanical stage

146
Q

If slides need to be cleaned, always use ________ to avoid _______.

A

Lens paper, scratching the slides

147
Q

How do you focus on the specimen?

A
  1. Start with scanning objective
  2. Open stage clips and place slide on the mechanical stage
  3. Adjust the stage using the coarse adjustment knob
  4. Adjust brightness knob if needed
  5. Move the stage using the mechanical stage adjustment knobs to place specimen in path of light.
  6. Look through ocular lens, use coarse adjustment knob to lower stage and bring specimen into focus
148
Q

How do you properly handle microscope?

A

Always use 2 hands to carry microscope. Hold microscope by the arm and place other hand under base for support.

149
Q

How do you properly put microscope away?

A
  1. Turn switch off
  2. Turn rotating nose piece so that the scanning objective is selected
  3. Center the stage
  4. Adjust the brightness adjustment control to the lowest setting
  5. Using the coarse focus knob, lower the stage to the lowest position.
  6. Fold and secure the power cord properly
  7. Put plastic cover on microscope. Use 2 hand to transfer microscope to storage cabinet.
150
Q

What is a wet mount slide?

A

A type of slide preparation that is temporary and has fluid as its main medium. It is important not to place too much fluid on the slide or the coverslip will move around.

151
Q

How do you make a wet mount?

A
  1. Put on gloves, apron and safety glasses
  2. Obtain a glass slide, coverslip, sterile cotton-tipped swab, and methylene blue solution.
  3. Place the glass slide on a paper towel on the bench top.
  4. Gently rub the tip of the swab on the inside of your cheek.
  5. Swipe the swab across the center of the slide
  6. Place a very small drop of the methylene blue in the center of the smear.
  7. Place one edge of the coverslip at 45 degree angle and slowly lower coverslip over the drop of methylene blue
152
Q

How do you dispose the slide and cotton swab?

A

Roll them up in the paper towel and place them inside of the red biohazard container.

153
Q

Interphase =

A

Cell is not dividing

154
Q

Interphase can be sub-divided into these 3 sub-phases…

A

G1 phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second gap)

155
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

Normal cellular function and growth

156
Q

What is the S phase?

A

Chromosome duplication produces sister chromatids

157
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

Protein synthesis and organelle replication

158
Q

Mitotic phase =

A

Cell is dividing

159
Q

Mitosis =

A

Division of the nucleus

160
Q

What are the 4 sub-phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

161
Q

What happens in the interphase stage?

A

The cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis. Chromosomes are diffused, nucleus is visible.

162
Q

What happens in the prophase stage?

A

Nuclear and nucleolus start to disappear. Chromosomes become thick and condensed. Centrioles duplicated.

163
Q

What happens in metaphase stage?

A

Chromosomes are lined in the middle

164
Q

What happens in the anaphase stage?

A

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

165
Q

What happens in the telophase stage?

A

reverse of prophase. Division of the nucleus is complete.

166
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides into 2

167
Q

Mitosis happens in ____ cells in the human body except for the ______ cells

A

all, reproductive

168
Q

In mitosis, when the chromosomal number is maintained…

A

The same type of cells are created.

169
Q

Which cells have the fastest mitotic rate?

A
170
Q

Which cells have the slowest mitotic rate?

A

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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