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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 important things for understanding cells?

A

The workings of the human body
Mechanisms of disease
Rationale of therapy

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2
Q

Robert Hooke…

A

Coined the word cellulae to describe empty cell walls of cork in the early 17th century.

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3
Q

Theodor Schwann concluded…

A

That all animals are made of cells.

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4
Q

Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that…

A

Cells arise only from other cells.

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5
Q

What are the 5 points of cell theory?

A

All organisms composed of cells and cell products.
Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
An organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells.
Cells come only from preexisting cells.
Cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities.

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6
Q

How many types of cells are in the human body?

A

200

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7
Q

Squamous cell

A

Thin, flat, scaly

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8
Q

Cuboidal cell

A

Squarish-looking

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9
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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10
Q

Polygonal cell

A

Irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides

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11
Q

Stellate cell

A

Star-like

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12
Q

Spheroid to ovoid

A

Round to oval

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13
Q

Discoidal

A

Disc-shaped

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14
Q

Fusiform

A

Thick in middle, tapered toward the ends.

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15
Q

Fibrous

A

Thread-like

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16
Q

A cell’s shape can appear…

A

Different if viewed in a different type of section (longitudinal VS cross section)

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17
Q

Most human cells are what length in diameter?

A

10-15 micrometers

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18
Q

What are 3 human cells you can see without a microscope?

A

Egg cells, some nerve cells, and osteoclast cells.

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19
Q

Why is there a limit on cell size?

A

An overly large cell cannot support itself; it may rupture.

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20
Q

For a given increase in diameter, volume…

A

Increases more than surface area

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21
Q

Volume of cell is proportional to…

A

Cube of diameter

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22
Q

Surface area of cell is proportional to…

A

Square of diameter

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23
Q

Light microscope (LM) revealed…

A

The plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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24
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) improved…

A

Resolution (ability to reveal detail)

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25
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) improved…

A

Resolution further, but only for surface features

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26
Q

H & E stain turns the cytoplasm ____ and the nucleus _____.

A

Cytoplasm = Pink
Nucleus = blue/purple

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27
Q

What is the plasma (cell) membrane?

A

The outer limiting layer of the cell. It surrounds the cell and defines the boundaries.

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28
Q

What is the plasma (cell) membrane made of?

A

Proteins and lipids

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29
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.

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30
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Includes any fluid outside of cells.

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31
Q

What are some examples of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Tissue (interstitial) fluid, blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. Blood is also an ECF.

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32
Q

Why are the basic parts of a cell?

A

The plasma (cell membrane), the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.

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33
Q

Describe the plasma (cell) membrane.

A

It is flexible, thin, 7-10nm in thickness, and a sturdy barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell.

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34
Q

What 2 things do you ALWAYS have to remember about plasma (cell) membrane?

A

Semipermeable, and fluid mosaic model

35
Q

Cell membranes are semipermeable, meaning…

A

Molecules can move through them.

36
Q

What is fluid mosaic model?

A

It describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components - including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates - that gives the membrane a fluid character

37
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is the command/control center of a cell

38
Q

All cells have a…

A

Nucleus with a few exceptions

39
Q

Cells usually have 1 nuclei so they are…

A

Uninucleate

40
Q

A cell with no nucleus is called…

A

Anucleate. Examples are RBC (red blood cells) and platelets.

41
Q

What is cytosol?

A

It is the solution part of the cell. Also called the intercellular fluid.

42
Q

How much of the cells is made up of cytosol?

A

60%

43
Q

What is cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol and organelles

44
Q

What are organelles and what do they look like?

A

Organelles are itsy bitsy structures that look like mini factories. They look like little organs.

45
Q

What are the 10 different organelles?

A

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteosomes
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton

46
Q

When viewed with an electron microscope, plasma (cell) membrane appears as…

A

A pair of dark parallel lines

47
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane has ______ faces and _______ faces.

A

Intercellular faces and extracellular faces.

48
Q

What are the 3 functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Defines cell boundaries
Governs interactions with other cells
Controls passage of materials in and out of cell.

49
Q

98% of the plasma (cell) membrane molecules are…

A

Lipids

50
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats

51
Q

75% plasma (cell) membrane lipids are…

A

Phospholipids

52
Q

A plasma membrane is made up of ___ layers of _____ called the _____.

A

2 layers of phospholipids called the bilayer

53
Q

Amphipathic molecules arranged in a bilayer means…

A

There is a water loving and water hating phospholipid in the same layer.

54
Q

The heads on phospholipids are…

A

Hydrophilic

55
Q

Hydrophilic means…

A

Water loving

56
Q

The tails on phospholipids are…

A

Hydrophobic

57
Q

Hydrophobic means…

A

Water hating

58
Q

Phospholipids drift _____, keeping the membrane _____.

A

Laterally, fluid

59
Q

What are the 3 lipids?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

60
Q

Phospholipids make up ___ of the membrane layer.

A

75%

61
Q

Cholesterol makes up ___ of the membrane layer.

A

20%

62
Q

Glycolipids make up ___ of the membrane layer.

A

5%

63
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

They hold phospholipids still and can stiffen the membrane.

64
Q

Cholesterol looks like…

A

4 ring-like structures linked.

65
Q

Cholesterol are _____ in between the ________.

A

Wedged, fatty acid tails

66
Q

____ of cholesterol needed for all cells is created by the _____.

A

85%, liver

67
Q

Glycolipids are only found on…

A

The extracellular surface of a cell

68
Q

Glycolipids are…

A

Nothing but sugars attached to liquid.

69
Q

Glycolipids are attached to…

A

The fatty acid tails

70
Q

Glycolipids look like…

A

Tree branches. 8 ring-like structures linked.

71
Q

Glycolipids + glycoproteins =

A

Glycocalyx

72
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrate coating on cell surface. It helps with understanding.

73
Q

What is the body structure of lipids (fats)?

A

Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails

74
Q

Phospholipids have ___ fatty acid tails and a ______

A

2, phosphate

75
Q

2% of cells are made of…

A

Proteins

76
Q

Proteins are the ________ of any cell.

A

Functioning units

77
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Integral or transmembrane proteins

78
Q

What do glycoproteins do?

A

Penetrate the membrane.

79
Q

What is the main job of peripheral proteins?

A

Structural support

80
Q

Function of the membrane proteins include:

A

Receptors, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, and cell-adhesion molecules.

81
Q

What are the function of receptors?

A

They bind chemical signals. Allows chemical to sit.

82
Q

What are the functions of the enzymes?

A

They speed up a chemical reaction. They are not destroyed in the process.

83
Q

What are the functions of channel proteins?

A

They allow hydrophilic particles and water to come in and out of the membrane.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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