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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint (articulation)?

A

Any point where 2 bones meet.

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2
Q

Why are joints needed?

A

They give mobility to the skeletal system.

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3
Q

What is the weakest structure of movement?

A

Joints

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4
Q

Because joints are the weakest of movement, you need…

A

Ligaments

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5
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Strips of collagenous tissue that attaches bone to bone.

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6
Q

What are ligaments made up of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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7
Q

What are joint classified by?

A

Structure and function

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8
Q

What is the main classification of joints?

A

The structure

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9
Q

The joint structure classification is determined by what?

A
  1. What materials bind them together.
  2. Joint cavity (is there a space between the bones)
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10
Q

The joint function classification is determined by what?

A

Movement

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11
Q

What is arthrology?

A

The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction.

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12
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

The study of musculoskeletal movement.

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13
Q

What are the 3 joint structural classifications?

A

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous, and synovial.

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14
Q

What is the structural classification of fibrous joints?

A

Fibrous membrane in between the bones.
No joint cavity (no space between the bones).

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15
Q

What is the structural classification of cartilaginous?

A

Hyaline or fibrocartilage in between the bones.
No joint cavity (no space between the bones).

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16
Q

What is the structural classification of synovial joints?

A

Synovial membrane in between the bones.
Has a joint cavity (has space between the bones).

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17
Q

What are the 3 movement classifications in joints?

A

Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic.

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18
Q

What does synarthrotic mean?

A

No movement

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19
Q

What is an example of a synarthrotic joint?

A

A fibrous joint

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20
Q

What does amphiarthrotic mean?

A

No movement

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21
Q

What is an example of an amphiarthrotic joint?

A

A cartilaginous joint

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22
Q

What does diarthrotic mean?

A

Has movement

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23
Q

What is an example of a diarthrotic joint?

A

A synovial joint

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24
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrates into the other.

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25
Q

A fibrous joint is also called…

A

a synarthrosis

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26
Q

What are 3 kinds of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, gomphoses, and syndemoses.

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27
Q

What are sutures?

A

Immobile fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other.

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28
Q

Where are sutures found?

A

Only in the skull

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29
Q

What is an example of a suture?

A

Squamosal, temporal, lambdoidal

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30
Q

What is a gomphoses?

A

The attachment of a tooth to its socket

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31
Q

Where are gomphoses found?

A

In the mouth

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32
Q

What are teeth held firmly in place by?

A

Fibrous periodontal ligaments

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33
Q

What are syndemoses?

A

A fibrous joint at which 2 bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers.

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34
Q

Where are syndemoses found?

A

Found in between the ulna and radius, and between the tibia and fibula.

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35
Q

What fibrous joint has the most mobility?

A

Syndemoses

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36
Q

What is interosseous membrane?

A

A thick, dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between 2 bones forming a type of syndemosis joint.

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37
Q

Where is interosseous membrane found?

A

Found between the shafts of the radius and ulna.

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38
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

2 bones that are lined by cartilage.

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39
Q

A cartilaginous joint is also called…

A

Amphiarthrosis

40
Q

What are 2 types of cartilage bones?

A

Synchondroses and sympheses

41
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage.

42
Q

What are examples of synchondrosis joints?

A

Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child. First rib attachment to the sternum.

43
Q

The other 11 ribs are attached to the sternum by…

A

Synovial joints

44
Q

What is a symphysis joint?

A

2 bones joined by fibrocartilage

45
Q

What are examples of a symphysis joint?

A

Pubic symphysis joint, bodies of vertebrae joined by intervertebral discs.

46
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Joint in which 2 bones are separated by a joint cavity.

47
Q

A synovial joint is also called…

A

Diarthrosis

48
Q

What is an example of a synovial joint?

A

Elbow, knee or knuckle

49
Q

What is the most common and most widespread joint?

A

Synovial joint

50
Q

All synovial joints are highly __________ and highly ________.

A

Vascularized, innervated

51
Q

What do synovial joints need?

A

Blood

52
Q

What does the synovial membrane make?

A

It makes synovial fluid from blood vessels.

53
Q

What is the general structure of synovial joints?

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Joint capsule
  5. Articular disc
  6. Meniscus
54
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage covering the facing surfaces of 2 bones. It’s usually 2-3 mm thick.

55
Q

Where is articular cartilage found?

A

Found on the ends of bones.

56
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

Reduces friction between bones.

57
Q

What does an articular joint cavity do?

A

Separates articular surfaces.

58
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Slippery lubricant in joint cavity.

59
Q

Synovial fluid has a slippery texture similar to…

A

Raw egg whites

60
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free.

61
Q

What is a joint (articular) capsule?

A

Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid.

62
Q

What are the 2 layers of a joint capsule?

A

Outer fibrous capsule and inner cellular synovial membrane.

63
Q

What is the outer fibrous capsule of a joint capsule made up of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

64
Q

The outer fibrous capsule is continuous with…

A

the periosteum of adjoining bones.

65
Q

What is the inner cellular synovial membrane of a joint capsule made up of?

A

Areolar connective tissue with some elastic fibers.

66
Q

What is the inner synovial membrane of a joint capsule?

A

It is composed of mainly fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity.

67
Q

What are the accessory structures associated with synovial joints?

A

Tendons, ligaments, bursa, and tendon sheaths.

68
Q

What are ligaments in synovial joints? What are they needed for?

A

The thickened part of the fibrous capsule. They are needed to reinforce the joint.

69
Q

What is a bursa?

A

An isolated pocket of synovial fluid, lined by synovial membrane.

70
Q

What are the functions of a bursa?

A

Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle.

71
Q

What is a tendon (synovial) sheath?

A

An elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon.

72
Q

What is the function of a tendon sheath?

A

They enable tendons to move back and forth freely in tight spaces.

73
Q

Where are tendon sheaths found?

A

In the hand and foot

74
Q

What are synovial joints based on?

A

They’re based on the shape of the articulating surfaces (bone ends).

75
Q

What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?

A

Planar joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball & socket.

76
Q

What is a planar joint?

A

The ends of the bones are plane (flat).

77
Q

What is the movement of planar joints?

A

Gliding

78
Q

What are planar joints found?

A

Between the carpal bones of the wrists, the tarsal bones of the ankle, and the articular processes of the vertebrae.

79
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

The head of one bone fits into a sleeve of another.

80
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Radius and ulna, C1 and C2

81
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

It’s a monaxial joint, moving freely in one plane, with very little movement in any other, like a door hinge.

82
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow, knee

83
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

These joints have an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complimentary-shaped depression on the other.

84
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Metacarpal phalanges joint of 2 to 5 digits.

85
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Both bones have a saddle-shaped surface. One surface is concave (front-to-rear curvature) and one surface is convex (left-to-right curvature).

86
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Joint between the first metacarpal and the trapezium.

87
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

One bone has a smooth head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other.

88
Q

What is an example of a ball and sock joint?

A

Head of the humerus, glenoid cavity of scapula.

89
Q

What are movements of synovial joints classified as?

A

Gliding movements, rotational movements, Angular movements, and special movements.

90
Q

What is an example of a gliding movement?

A

Waving

91
Q

What are the 2 rotational movements?

A

Lateral rotation - away from the midline
Medial rotation - toward the midline

92
Q

What are the 5 types of angular movements?

A
  1. Flexion - small angle created between bones
  2. Extension - large angle created between bones
  3. Adduction - away from the midline
  4. Abduction - bringing it closer together
  5. Circumduction - doing the 4 together in this order: flexion, adduction, extension, abduction. * Like drawing a circle in space.
93
Q

What are the 11 types of special movements?

A
  1. Protraction - pulling forward
  2. Retraction - taking back
  3. Elevation - lifting up
  4. Depression - going down
  5. Supination - 2 bones are parallel facing up
  6. Pronation - 2 bones are parallel facing down
  7. Opposition - thumb touching the tip of the other 4 fingers
  8. Inversion - inward
  9. Eversion - outward
  10. Plantar flexion - curling your toes inward
  11. Doriflexion - fan your toes upward
94
Q

What 4 types of special joint movements only happen in the feet?

A

Innversion, eversion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.

95
Q
A

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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