Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The systematic/scientific study of body structure.
Ana means______ tomy means _____
Ana means up, tomy means cut.
Artery
Is a pipe that carries blood.
What is another name for an artery?
Air holder
Most arteries carry ________ blood.
Oxygenated
Arteries carry blood ______ from the heart
Away
Trachea
Is the windpipe
Trachea is also known as the…
Rough walled air holder.
Carotid
Stupor or consciousness
What are carotids?
Pair of arteries that run in the neck and supply the brain.
“a” means…
Absent
Physiology
The scientific study of body function
What are the 4 methods of examining the structure of the body?
Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
What is inspection?
Looking at any particular structure and studying it.
What is palpation?
When you feel for those structures. Example: feeling for a pulse, feeling for your trachea.
What is auscultation?
Listening to the body. Example: listening to the heartbeat, listening to breathing.
What is percussion?
When you tap on a particular organ and you feel for those noises.
What is cadaver dissection?
Cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships.
What is comparative anatomy?
Study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution.
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy.
Gross anatomy is also called…
Macroscopic
What is gross anatomy?
The study of structure where you don’t need any instruments, you can use the naked eye.
What are 3 subdivisions of gross anatomy?
Regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, and surface anatomy.
What is regional anatomy?
The study of structures which are belonging to any particular region.
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of structures that belong to a particular system.
What is surface anatomy?
The study of how the deeper structures are related to the overlying surface.
What is microscopic anatomy?
The study of structure where you need instruments to study.
Anything less than 100 micrometers, you need a _________.
Microscope
The naked eye can see anything greater than ____ micrometers.
100
1 micrometer is equal to _____
1/1000 millimeters
What are the 2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology and histology
What is cytology?
The study of cells
Cyto means…
Cells
How many cells are in our body?
75 trillion
What is histology?
The study of tissues
Histo means…
Tissues
What are tissues?
Tissues are groups of cells that have similar structure and functions.
How many tissues are in the human body?
4
What is developmental anatomy?
The study of structures and how they develop.
What is embryology?
The study of embryo from conceptions up to 8-10 weeks of intrauterine life.
What is histopathology?
Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.
What is ultrastructure?
View detail under electron microscope.
What is medical imaging?
Viewing the inside of the body without surgery.
What is radiology?
Branch of medicine concerned with imaging.
What are the subdisciplines of physiology?
Neurophysiology, endocrinology, and pathophysiology.
What is neurophysiology?
The physiology of the nervous system.
What is endocrinology?
The physiology of hormones.
What is pathophysiology?
Mechanisms of disease.
What is comparative physiology?
The study of different species to learn about body function.
What is the hierarchy of complexity? There are 7
Organisms composed of organ systems
Organ systems composed of organs
Organs composed of tissues
Tissues composed of cells
Cells composed of organelles
Organelles composed of molecules
Molecules composed of atoms
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism.
What is the first level of structural organization? What is it composed of?
Chemical (molecular) level. It’s composed of atoms and molecules.
What is the second level of structural organization? What is it composed of?
Cellular level. It is composed of cells.
What is the first level of life in structural organization?
Cellular level.
What is the third level of structural organization?
Tissues
What are tissues?
Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and functions.
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
What is the fourth level of structural organization?
Organs
What is an organ?
Groups of 2-4 tissues
How many named organs are there in the human body?
93
What is the fifth level of organization?
Organ systems
How many organ systems are there?
11
What are the different organ systems?
Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system.
What is an organ system?
Body organs that have similar or related functions.
What is the sixth level of structural organization?
Organism
What are the 9 characteristics of life?
Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
What is organization?
Living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things.
What is cellular composition?
Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells.
What is metabolism?
Internal chemical reactions.
What is responsiveness??
Ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
What is movement?
Of organism and/or of substances within the organism.
What is homeostasis?
The capacity of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in spite of fluctuating external conditions. * The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
What is development?
Differentiation and growth
What is reproduction?
Producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring.
What is evolution?
Change in genes.
What does homeo mean? What does stasis mean?
Homeo means same. Stasis means standing.
Not maintaining homeostasis will lead to _____ or ______. Further non maintaining will lead to _____.
Illness or disease. Death.
What are the components of homeostasis?
Variables, stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors, and effects.
What is a variable?
It’s a measurement; a number.
What’s a stimulus?
A change in variable; change in the number.
What is a receptor?
Specialized nerve endings which respond to the stimulus.
What do receptors do after picking up the stimulus?
They can’t do anything so they take it to the control center.
What is the control center?
The two control systems are nervous and endocrine.
Which controls system works faster, nervous or endocrine? Why?
The nervous system works faster because it uses immediate electrical impulses while the endocrine system uses hormones.
What are effectors?
Nerve signals, hormones.
What are effects?
Changes in target organs.
What are the two kinds of feedback mechanisms?
Negative and positive
What is negative feedback mechanism?
When there is a see saw effect in change. The stimulus and the effect go in opposite directions (the stimulus goes up while the effect goes down. Or the stimulus goes down while the effect goes up).
Negative feedback serves to…
Reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range.
What is positive feedback mechanism?
When there is greater change in the same direction. Both the stimulus and the effect go in the same direction (they both either go up or they both go down).
Positive feedback serves…
To intensify a response until an endpoint is reached.
What are feedback loops?
Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them, they are called feedback loops.
What is a gradient?
A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between 2 points.
Matter and energy tend to…
Flow down gradients
What is up the gradient?
Movement in the opposite direction is “up the gradient” and requires spending metabolic energy.
Chemicals flow down…
Concentration gradients
Charged particles flow down…
Electrical gradients
Heat flows down…
Thermal gradients
Language of anatomy is ______. Why?
Universal. This is so everyone can understand and there is no confusion.
What are the big categories of language of anatomy? There are 6
Standard anatomical position, directional terms, regional terms, body plans and sections, body cavities and body membranes.
What is standard anatomical position?
It’s the reference point. The body is standing or laying supine (laying down) with the head and feet facing forward, arms laying by the sides with the palms facing forward. Thumbs are away from the midline.
Directional terms: right, left
It’s always the patient’s right/left, pictures right/left, animal’s right left, etc. NOT your right/left.
Directional terms: anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal)
Anterior means the front side. Posterior means the behind or back side.
Directional terms: superior (cranial), inferior (caudal)
Superior means towards the head end. Inferior means toward the leg or tail end.
Directional terms: superficial, deep
Superficial means closer to the surface of the skin. Deep means further from the surface of the skin.
Directional terms: afferent (sensory), efferent (motor)
Afferent means coming in; bringing in sensations. Efferent means going away; taking information away.
Directional terms: ipsilateral, contralateral
Ipsilateral means same side. Contralateral means opposite side.
Directional terms: medial, lateral
Medial means any line which is closer to the midline (median). Lateral means away from the midline.
Directional terms: proximal, distal
Proximal means closer to the point of attachment. Distal means further from the point of attachment.
Directional terms; parietal, visceral
Parietal means closer to the body wall. Visceral means closer to the organs.
What are the 2 regional terms?
Axial region and appendicular region
What is axial region?
Running through the main axis of our body. Includes the structures of the head, neck, and trunk.
What is the appendicular region?
Connected to the axial which are upper and lower limbs.
What are body planes?
Imaginary lines on the human body.
What are body sections?
When you make cuts along the imaginary lines.
What are the 3 body planes and body sections?
Frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse.
What are frontal (coronal) planes and sections?
They divide the body into anterior and posterior halves. * vertical
What are sagittal planes and sections?
They divide the body into right and left halves. *vertical
Sagittal means…
Arrow
What are the 2 sagittal sections?
Midsagittal and parasagittal
What is midsagittal?
Equal right and left halves
What does parasagittal mean?
Unequal right and left halves
What are transverse planes and sections?
They divide the body into superior and inferior halves. *horizontal
What are body cavities?
Cavities mean space. Spaces in the human body are called body cavities.
How many main body cavities does the human body have? What are they?
2 main body cavities. They are anterior (ventral) cavity and posterior (dorsal) cavity.
What cavities make up the anterior (ventral) cavity?
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
What is the thoracic cavity?
It is divided into 2 cavities. The pericardial cavity which houses the heart. And the pleural cavity which houses the lungs.
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
Bony pelvis. Divided into 4 quadrants by physicians and divided into regions by anatomists.
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).
What are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Left hypochondriac region, left lumbar region, left inguinal (iliac) region, epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region, right hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, and right inguinal (iliac) region.
What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?
The skeletal muscle called the diaphragm.
What cavities make up the posterior (dorsal) cavity?
The cranial cavity which houses the brain. And the spinal cavity which houses the spinal cord.
What muscle separates the cranial cavity and spinal cavity?
None
The posterior cavity organs are covered by a connective tissue called…
Meninges
The right side of the diaphragm is at a slightly higher level because of the…
Liver
What are body membranes?
Epithelial tissues - connective tissues
What are epithelial tissues made up of?
2 layers
What layers are the epithelial tissues made of?
Outer parietal layer (closer to the body wall) and inner visceral layer (closer to the organs).
