Lab Manual Blanks Flashcards
Bodies of the vertebrae
Structural classification:
Cartilaginous Symphyses
Bodies of the vertebrae
Functional classification:
Amphiarthroses
Coxa and femur
Structural classification:
Synovial ball-and-socket
Coxa and femur
Functional classification:
Diarthroses
Coxa and sacrum
Structural classification:
Cartilaginous Symphyses
Coxa and sacrum
Functional classification:
Amphiarthroses
Occipital bone and atlas
Structural classification:
Synovial Pivot
Occipital bone and atlas
Functional classification:
Diarthroses
Carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
Structural classification:
Synovial saddle
Carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
Functional classification:
Diarthroses
Distal articulation between tibia and fibula
Structural classification:
Fibrous Syndesmoses
Distal articulation between tibia and fibula
Functional classification:
Synarthroses
Frontal and parietal bones
Structural classification:
Fibrous Suture
Frontal and parietal bones
Functional classification:
Synarthroses
Increase in intraocular pressure which may develop if the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked. As fluid accumulates intraocular pressure increase and may damage blood vessels supplying photoreceptor cells and can result in blindness
Glaucoma
Why is the optic disc referred to as the blind spot?
There are no photoreceptors there so we cannot see anything in that area of the eye
What role do the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles play in the process of accommodation?
Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work together to change the shape of the lens, and thus enable objects near, far and in between to be focused on the retina for sharp vision.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying cell
RBC
Helps form a clot to stop bleeding
Platlets
Another names for WBC
Leukocyte
Any abnormal increase in RBC
Polycythemia
Comprises 20-25% of all WBC
Lympocyte
A horseshoe-shaped nucleus; cytoplasm has no visible granules
Monocyte
Least numerous leukocyte
Basophil
A deficiency in number of RBCs or decreased content of hemoglobin in the blood
Anemia
Cell involved in a response to parasitic worms or allergies
Eosinophils
Blood test that measures the percentage of total blood volume made up of RBCs
Hematocrit test
Cold solution: there is a ______ in force and rate of contractions because frogs are cold blooded and their metabolic rate is impacted by their environment
Decrease
Hot solution: there is a ______ in force and rate of contractions because frogs are cold blooded and their metabolic rate is impacted by their environment
Heat increases muscle activity and ion movement, more fluid membrane (increases motility)
Increase
Why does blood pressure and pulse rate change when posture changed from reclining to immediately standing up?
Gravity causes blood to collect in the legs and belly. Blood pressure drops because there is less blood flowing back up to the heart.
Baroreceptors in the heart and neck sense this lower pressure and tell the heart to beat faster to bring the pressure back to homeostasis
High blood pressure
Hypertension
Long term high pressure on arteries can cause health problem such as heart disease
Prolonged hypertension
High systolic and low diastolic blood pressure (high pulse pressure)
Effect of “Hardening of Arteries”
Increase intrathoracic pressure which initiates a sequence of rapid changes which decreases venous return on the heart and peripheral venous pressure has increased (reduces cardiac output)
Valsalva
Which regions of the pharynx are also common to the digestive tract?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Trachea is composed of ciliated pseudstratified epithelium. How is this epithelium specialized for its protective function in the respiratory tract?
Contains goblet cells
Traps dust and particles
Cilia carries it up and out of trachea and bronchial tubes
C-shaped cartilage that gives support and flexibility to the trachea. What type of cartilage is this band?
Hyaline cartilage
What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli? What is the function of this epithelium?
Simple squamous
Diffusion of gas
The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere (air) at sea level
Considered to be 760 mmHg
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure within the lungs at the alveoli
Intrapulmonary pressure
During inspiration, muscular contraction causes the thorax to ________ in size. This in turn causes a ________ in the intrapulmonary pressure. Since the pressure in the lungs is now ______ that atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs.
Increase; decrease; less
What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure become equal?
Lungs collapse
Muscles involved in QUIET inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Muscles involved during FORCED inspiration
Scalene
Sternocleidomastoid
Abdominal muscles
Muscles involved in FORCED expiration
Abdominal and internal intercostals
During expiration the concentration of CO2 in the blood plasma and tissues increase. Body uses more oxygen and produces more CO2 which increases:
Respiration rate
Why can you hold your breath longer after breathing deeply?
Blood O2 levels in the plasma increase, CO2 decrease, so the amount of time we can hold our breath is increased
Cranial nerves that function in the sense of taste:
Facial (VII)
Glossophranygeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Function of the fluid produced by the peritoneum?
Prevents friction & allows organs to glide freely over one another
Esophagus is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
What is the function of this epithelium?
Protection from abrasion from rough food and protection from wear and tear from swallowing food
What is the purpose of the additional layer of smooth muscle of the stomach?
Mixing
Why would mucus production be important to the stomach?
Neutralizes the acid
Protective barrier
So stomach won’t digest itself
Open sore in stomach lining forms when protective layer is broken down
Gastic ulcer
What is the major type of movement in the digestive tract?
Smooth muscle PERISTALSIS
What is the purpose of the villi in the small intestine?
Increase surface area = increase absorption of nutrients
What part of the digestive tract does the most digestion of nutrients occur?
Small intestine
Why are mucus producing cells so abundant in the large intestine?
Location of water absorption and mucus protects from irritation of transport of a dryer material
(Prevents abrasion)
Benedicts reacts with:
Simple sugar
Acidic environment _______ pepsin
Activates
What is the chemical nature of fibrin after digestion has occured?
Shorter amino acid chains
What part of the digestive tract is protein digestion completed?
Small intestine
What other enzymes are required for protein digestion?
Trypsin, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin
Effect of epinephrine on cardiac muscle
Increase strength and rate of contraction
Effect of epinephrine on intestinal smooth muscle
Decrease strength and rate of contraction
Effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle
Decrease strength and rate of contraction
Effect of acetylcholine on intestinal smooth muscle
Increase strength and rate of contraction
Where is pancreatic lipase produced?
Pancreas
Where is pepsinogen produced?
Stomach
Where is trypsinogen produced?
Small intestine
Where is bile produced?
Liver
Where does lipid digestion occur?
Small intestine
Will salivary amylase have any effect on table sugar?
No. Amylase breaks down carbs TO sugars
In what chemical form are carbohydrates absorbed from he digestive tract?
Sugars
In what chemical form are proteins absorbed from the digestive tract?
Amino acids
In what chemical form are fats absorbed from he digestive tract?
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Inflammation of the appendix
Apendicitis
For when bile stored in the gallbladder hardens into stone like material
Gallstones
Irritation of the esophagus caused by some of the stomach contents backing up into the esophagus causing pain in lower chest
Heartburn
Type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the GI tract
Crohn’s Disease
Specific gravity indicates the relative amount of _______ to solvent in a solution
Solutes
An increase in water in the urine causes a ________ in specific gravity
Decrease
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some substance (such as pure water) taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by weighing in air
Specific gravity
What would be expected of:
Consumption of 500 ml water on urine volume
Decrease in solute %
High water urine output
What would be expected of:
Consumption of caffeine (a diuretic) on urine volume
Increase in urine volume
What would be expected of:
Consumption of an alkaline solution on urine pH:
Increase pH
What would be expected of:
Vigorous exercise on urine volume:
Reduced overall volume (sweating)
What would be expected of:
Vigorous exercise on the specific gravity of urine
Increase SG, less water more solute
If hydrogen ions are being secreted into the kidney tubules, how will this affect the urine pH?
Acidic
Why is there usually no glucose present in the urine?
Due to tubular reabsorption, glucose is reabsorbed into the blood stream for metabolic use
Very dilute urine, high % of water, large volume
Reason: produced as a result of increase fluid intake, absence of hormones, certain drugs
Diuresis
Secretes progesterone and estrogen
Corpus luteum
Fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
When the placenta completely/partially covers the opening of the uterus (cervix)
Placenta previa
Develop when 1 egg is fertilized by 1 sperm and splits into 2 identical parts
Monozygotic twins
Baby’s feet or butt are in place to come out first during birth instead of normal head first position
Breech presentation
Contractions come at regular intervals and get closer as time goes on
True labour pains
