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Lab Exam 2 > Lab Manual Blanks > Flashcards

Lab Manual Blanks Flashcards

1
Q

Bodies of the vertebrae

Structural classification:

A

Cartilaginous Symphyses

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2
Q

Bodies of the vertebrae

Functional classification:

A

Amphiarthroses

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3
Q

Coxa and femur

Structural classification:

A

Synovial ball-and-socket

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4
Q

Coxa and femur

Functional classification:

A

Diarthroses

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5
Q

Coxa and sacrum

Structural classification:

A

Cartilaginous Symphyses

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6
Q

Coxa and sacrum

Functional classification:

A

Amphiarthroses

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7
Q

Occipital bone and atlas

Structural classification:

A

Synovial Pivot

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8
Q

Occipital bone and atlas

Functional classification:

A

Diarthroses

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9
Q

Carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

Structural classification:

A

Synovial saddle

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10
Q

Carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

Functional classification:

A

Diarthroses

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11
Q

Distal articulation between tibia and fibula

Structural classification:

A

Fibrous Syndesmoses

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12
Q

Distal articulation between tibia and fibula

Functional classification:

A

Synarthroses

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13
Q

Frontal and parietal bones

Structural classification:

A

Fibrous Suture

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14
Q

Frontal and parietal bones

Functional classification:

A

Synarthroses

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15
Q

Increase in intraocular pressure which may develop if the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked. As fluid accumulates intraocular pressure increase and may damage blood vessels supplying photoreceptor cells and can result in blindness

A

Glaucoma

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16
Q

Why is the optic disc referred to as the blind spot?

A

There are no photoreceptors there so we cannot see anything in that area of the eye

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17
Q

What role do the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles play in the process of accommodation?

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work together to change the shape of the lens, and thus enable objects near, far and in between to be focused on the retina for sharp vision.

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18
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying cell

A

RBC

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19
Q

Helps form a clot to stop bleeding

A

Platlets

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20
Q

Another names for WBC

A

Leukocyte

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21
Q

Any abnormal increase in RBC

A

Polycythemia

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22
Q

Comprises 20-25% of all WBC

A

Lympocyte

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23
Q

A horseshoe-shaped nucleus; cytoplasm has no visible granules

A

Monocyte

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24
Q

Least numerous leukocyte

A

Basophil

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25
Q

A deficiency in number of RBCs or decreased content of hemoglobin in the blood

A

Anemia

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26
Q

Cell involved in a response to parasitic worms or allergies

A

Eosinophils

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27
Q

Blood test that measures the percentage of total blood volume made up of RBCs

A

Hematocrit test

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28
Q

Cold solution: there is a ______ in force and rate of contractions because frogs are cold blooded and their metabolic rate is impacted by their environment

A

Decrease

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29
Q

Hot solution: there is a ______ in force and rate of contractions because frogs are cold blooded and their metabolic rate is impacted by their environment
Heat increases muscle activity and ion movement, more fluid membrane (increases motility)

A

Increase

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30
Q

Why does blood pressure and pulse rate change when posture changed from reclining to immediately standing up?

A

Gravity causes blood to collect in the legs and belly. Blood pressure drops because there is less blood flowing back up to the heart.
Baroreceptors in the heart and neck sense this lower pressure and tell the heart to beat faster to bring the pressure back to homeostasis

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31
Q

High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

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32
Q

Long term high pressure on arteries can cause health problem such as heart disease

A

Prolonged hypertension

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33
Q

High systolic and low diastolic blood pressure (high pulse pressure)

A

Effect of “Hardening of Arteries”

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34
Q

Increase intrathoracic pressure which initiates a sequence of rapid changes which decreases venous return on the heart and peripheral venous pressure has increased (reduces cardiac output)

A

Valsalva

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35
Q

Which regions of the pharynx are also common to the digestive tract?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Trachea is composed of ciliated pseudstratified epithelium. How is this epithelium specialized for its protective function in the respiratory tract?

A

Contains goblet cells
Traps dust and particles
Cilia carries it up and out of trachea and bronchial tubes

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37
Q

C-shaped cartilage that gives support and flexibility to the trachea. What type of cartilage is this band?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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38
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli? What is the function of this epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

Diffusion of gas

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39
Q

The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere (air) at sea level
Considered to be 760 mmHg

A

Atmospheric pressure

40
Q

Pressure within the lungs at the alveoli

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

41
Q

During inspiration, muscular contraction causes the thorax to ________ in size. This in turn causes a ________ in the intrapulmonary pressure. Since the pressure in the lungs is now ______ that atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs.

A

Increase; decrease; less

42
Q

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure become equal?

A

Lungs collapse

43
Q

Muscles involved in QUIET inspiration

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

44
Q

Muscles involved during FORCED inspiration

A

Scalene
Sternocleidomastoid
Abdominal muscles

45
Q

Muscles involved in FORCED expiration

A

Abdominal and internal intercostals

46
Q

During expiration the concentration of CO2 in the blood plasma and tissues increase. Body uses more oxygen and produces more CO2 which increases:

A

Respiration rate

47
Q

Why can you hold your breath longer after breathing deeply?

A

Blood O2 levels in the plasma increase, CO2 decrease, so the amount of time we can hold our breath is increased

48
Q

Cranial nerves that function in the sense of taste:

A

Facial (VII)
Glossophranygeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

49
Q

Function of the fluid produced by the peritoneum?

A

Prevents friction & allows organs to glide freely over one another

50
Q

Esophagus is composed of stratified squamous epithelium

What is the function of this epithelium?

A

Protection from abrasion from rough food and protection from wear and tear from swallowing food

51
Q

What is the purpose of the additional layer of smooth muscle of the stomach?

A

Mixing

52
Q

Why would mucus production be important to the stomach?

A

Neutralizes the acid
Protective barrier
So stomach won’t digest itself

53
Q

Open sore in stomach lining forms when protective layer is broken down

A

Gastic ulcer

54
Q

What is the major type of movement in the digestive tract?

A

Smooth muscle PERISTALSIS

55
Q

What is the purpose of the villi in the small intestine?

A

Increase surface area = increase absorption of nutrients

56
Q

What part of the digestive tract does the most digestion of nutrients occur?

A

Small intestine

57
Q

Why are mucus producing cells so abundant in the large intestine?

A

Location of water absorption and mucus protects from irritation of transport of a dryer material
(Prevents abrasion)

58
Q

Benedicts reacts with:

A

Simple sugar

59
Q

Acidic environment _______ pepsin

A

Activates

60
Q

What is the chemical nature of fibrin after digestion has occured?

A

Shorter amino acid chains

61
Q

What part of the digestive tract is protein digestion completed?

A

Small intestine

62
Q

What other enzymes are required for protein digestion?

A

Trypsin, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin

63
Q

Effect of epinephrine on cardiac muscle

A

Increase strength and rate of contraction

64
Q

Effect of epinephrine on intestinal smooth muscle

A

Decrease strength and rate of contraction

65
Q

Effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle

A

Decrease strength and rate of contraction

66
Q

Effect of acetylcholine on intestinal smooth muscle

A

Increase strength and rate of contraction

67
Q

Where is pancreatic lipase produced?

A

Pancreas

68
Q

Where is pepsinogen produced?

A

Stomach

69
Q

Where is trypsinogen produced?

A

Small intestine

70
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

71
Q

Where does lipid digestion occur?

A

Small intestine

72
Q

Will salivary amylase have any effect on table sugar?

A

No. Amylase breaks down carbs TO sugars

73
Q

In what chemical form are carbohydrates absorbed from he digestive tract?

A

Sugars

74
Q

In what chemical form are proteins absorbed from the digestive tract?

A

Amino acids

75
Q

In what chemical form are fats absorbed from he digestive tract?

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

76
Q

Inflammation of the appendix

A

Apendicitis

77
Q

For when bile stored in the gallbladder hardens into stone like material

A

Gallstones

78
Q

Irritation of the esophagus caused by some of the stomach contents backing up into the esophagus causing pain in lower chest

A

Heartburn

79
Q

Type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the GI tract

A

Crohn’s Disease

80
Q

Specific gravity indicates the relative amount of _______ to solvent in a solution

A

Solutes

81
Q

An increase in water in the urine causes a ________ in specific gravity

A

Decrease

82
Q

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some substance (such as pure water) taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by weighing in air

A

Specific gravity

83
Q

What would be expected of:

Consumption of 500 ml water on urine volume

A

Decrease in solute %

High water urine output

84
Q

What would be expected of:

Consumption of caffeine (a diuretic) on urine volume

A

Increase in urine volume

85
Q

What would be expected of:

Consumption of an alkaline solution on urine pH:

A

Increase pH

86
Q

What would be expected of:

Vigorous exercise on urine volume:

A

Reduced overall volume (sweating)

87
Q

What would be expected of:

Vigorous exercise on the specific gravity of urine

A

Increase SG, less water more solute

88
Q

If hydrogen ions are being secreted into the kidney tubules, how will this affect the urine pH?

A

Acidic

89
Q

Why is there usually no glucose present in the urine?

A

Due to tubular reabsorption, glucose is reabsorbed into the blood stream for metabolic use

90
Q

Very dilute urine, high % of water, large volume

Reason: produced as a result of increase fluid intake, absence of hormones, certain drugs

A

Diuresis

91
Q

Secretes progesterone and estrogen

A

Corpus luteum

92
Q

Fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus

A

Ectopic pregnancy

93
Q

When the placenta completely/partially covers the opening of the uterus (cervix)

A

Placenta previa

94
Q

Develop when 1 egg is fertilized by 1 sperm and splits into 2 identical parts

A

Monozygotic twins

95
Q

Baby’s feet or butt are in place to come out first during birth instead of normal head first position

A

Breech presentation

96
Q

Contractions come at regular intervals and get closer as time goes on

A

True labour pains

Lab Exam 2 (14 decks)

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