Bone - Surface Markings Flashcards
Projection from a structure
Process
Larger prominence where muscles and CT attach
Tuberosity
Small rounded prominence often a site of tendon/ligament attachment
Tubercle
A tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone
Trochanter
Rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming articulation with another bone
Condyle
Rounded eminence that lies upon the condyle
Epicondyle
Pairs of small joints between the vertebrae in the back of the spine
Facet
Raised/prominent part of the edge bone
Crest
Most proximal portion of the bone
Head
A hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass
Foramen
A tube-like channel that extends within the bone, which may provide passage and protection to nerves, vessels, and even sound.
Meatus
A shallow depression in the bone surface
Fossa
The _______ classification of joints is based on the amount of movement that can occur at the joint
Functional
The _______ classification of joints relies on the type of connective tissue which binds the articulating surfaces together and on the presence or absence of a joint cavity
Structural
3 types of functional joints:
Syarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses
Immovable joints
Syarthroses
Slightly moveable joints
Amphiarthroses
Freely moveable joints
Diarthroses
3 types of structural joints:
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
Firmly bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Very strong and permit little to no movement
Joint cavity is not present
Fibrous joints
2 types of fibrous joints:
Suture
Syndesmoses
Articulating bones are held very close together by dense CT
Functionally classified as synarthroses, or immovable joints
e.g. joint found between the cranial and facial bones of the skull
Sutures
The articulating bones are united by a band of dense CT
Amount of movement depends on the length of connecting fibers
e.g. joint found at the distal articulation between the the tibia and fibula is classified as as synarthroses, or immovable
Syndesmoses
Articulating bones are bound together by cartilage
These joints lack a joint cavity and permit little to no movement
Cartilaginous joints
2 types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
Functionally classified in the adult as synarthroses, or immoveable joints
e.g. joint formed by the costal cartilages of rib #1 and the manubrium of the sternum; epiphyseal plates in the long bones of children
Synchondroses
Articulating bones are connected by fibrocartilage
Functionally classified as amphiarthroses, or slightly moveable joints
e.g. the intervertebral discs between the bodies of the vertebrae; pubic symphysis
Symphyses
Most joints in the body are this type of joint.
Movement in this joint is limited only by ligaments, muscles, tendons or adjoining bones.
Characterized as diarthroses or freely moveable
Synovial joints
Articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity
Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the surface of articulating bones
Joint cavity enclosed by articular capsule (outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane)
Reinforced and strengthened by band-like ligaments composed of dense regular CT
Synovial joints
Synovial membrane secretes:
Synovial fluid
6 categories of synovial joints:
- Plane (Gliding) Joints
- Hinge Joints
- Pivot Joints
- Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints
- Saddle Joints
- Ball-and-Socket Joints
Articulating surfaces are flat
Non-axial; slight movement
e.g. joints between the carpal bones of the writs and between tarsal bones of the ankle; sternocostal joint between the sternum and ribs #2-7; vertbrocostal joint between the vertebrae and ribs; intervertebral joint between the articular processes of the vertebrae; joint between tarsals and metatarsals; joint between carpals and metacarpals of digit #2-5; joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula
Plane (Gliding) Joints
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
Monaxial; permits flexion and extension
e.g. elbow joint; joint between the phalanges; ankle joint; knee joint (modified version)
Hinge Joints
A rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring-like portion of another bone
Monaxial; permits rotation
e.g. joint between the atlas and axis; joint between the head and the radius and the ulna
Pivot Joints
An oval convex surface of one bone fits into an oval concave surface of another bone
Biaxial; all angular motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction
e.g. joint between the radius and carpal bones; joint between the occipital bone and atlas; metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints between the metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints
Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas; fits into the other bone
Biaxial; all angular motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation
e.g. joint between carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb
Saddle Joints
Ball-like surface fits into a cup-like depression of another bone
Multiaxial; all angular and rotational motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation
e.g. shoulder joint; hip joint
Ball-and-Socket Joints
e.g. joints between the carpal bones of the writs and between tarsal bones of the ankle; sternocostal joint between the sternum and ribs #2-7; vertbrocostal joint between the vertebrae and ribs; intervertebral joint between the articular processes of the vertebrae; joint between tarsals and metatarsals; joint between carpals and metacarpals of digit #2-5; joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula
Plane (Gliding) Joints
e.g. elbow joint; joint between the phalanges; ankle joint; knee joint (modified version)
Hinge Joints
e.g. joint between the atlas and axis; joint between the head and the radius and the ulna
Pivot Joints
e.g. joint between the radius and carpal bones; joint between the occipital bone and atlas; metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints between the metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints
e.g. joint between carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb
Saddle Joints
e.g. shoulder joint; hip joint
Ball and socket
