Lab 16 Flashcards
The reproductive system includes:
Primary sex organs and accessory sex organs
Gonads
Primary sex organs
Ducts, glands and external genitalia
Accessory sex organs
The gonads are the reproductive organ that produce _____ and then _________
Gametes; sex hormones
The reproductive role of the male is to produce male gametes, known as __________ and deliver these gametes to the female reproductive tract
Sperm cells
Sperm cells are also called ________
Spermatozoa
The _____ are the gonads of the male
Testes
The testes hang within the ______, which is essentially a pair of abdominal pouches forming a common cutaneous sac
Scrotum
Partly surround each testis, is an accessory ducts known as:
Epididymis
Emerging from the epididymis is another accessory duct, the:
Ductus (vas) deferenes
The ductus deferenes and the associated blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue form the __________ by which each testis is suspended within the scrotum
Spermatic cord
The end of each ductus deferens enlarges to form an _________
Ampulla
Ampulla then joins with the duct from one of the _____________ (a pair of accessory glands) to form the short ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles
The ejaculatory duct pass into the ____________ (a single acessory gland), where they empty into the urethra
Prostate gland
Extends from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Urethra
Urethra is divided into 3 regions:
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Penile (spongy) urethra
The accessory glands of the male reproductive system:
Paired seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Paired bulbourethral glands
The secretions of these accessory glands form the _______ which carries the sperm during ejaculation, activates and produces certain nutrients for the sperm, and contains substances that neutralize the somewhat acidic environment in the vagina
Semen (seminal fluid)
The organ that conducts urine to the exterior and delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Penis
The penis consists of 3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue (elastic connective tissue, smooth muscle and vascular channels) each surrounded by fibrous tissue called the:
Tunica albuginea
The two dorsal columns are called the:
Corpora cavernosa
The column surround the urethra is the:
Corpus spongiosum
Each testis is covered by a dense connective tissue capsule and is composed of many coiled:
Seminiferous tubules
The ________________ lining each seminiferous tubules is made up of cells in various stages of development
Germinal epithelium
The process of sperm production which occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
The most immature cells are the _________ which are located near the basement membrane
Spermatogonia
Under the influence of reproductive hormones, spermatogonia begin to divide by mitosis to increase their numbers and some form _________________
Primary spermatocytes
A ________________ gives rise to four sperm cells
Primary spermatocyte
Each primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce two haploid _________________
Secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid __________
Spermatids
The spermatids are then transformed into sperm cells (spermatozoa) by growing a _________ and shedding most of its cytoplasm
Flagellum
Sperm are continually produced throughout the males ________
Lifetime
Located between the seminiferous tubules are the _________ cells or _______ cells.
Interstitial; Leydig
These cells secrete the hormone, ________ which is necessary for spermatogenesis and for the development of the secondary sex characteristics in the male
Testosterone
The reproductive role of the female is to produce female gametes, known as ____ or _____
Ova; eggs
The _______ are the gonads of the female
Ovaries
Ovaries are two almond shaped organs that are located on each side of the ________
Uterus
The ovaries produce gametes, secondary oocytes that develop into mature egg cells (ova) after fertilization and also produce the sex hormones:
Estrogen
Progesterone
The __________ (fallopian tubes or oviducts) extend medially from the region of the ovary to enter the uterus
Uterine tubes
The uterine tube closest to the ovary forms an expanded funnel:
Infundibulum
The infundibulum has finger-like projections called:
Fibriae
The fibriae contain cilia that create currents in the peritoneal fluid that propel the ovulated oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube, where it begins its journey to the
Uterus
Fertilization of the oocyte occurs in the ________ at any time up to 24 hours after ovulation, if sperm are present
Uterine tube
Small, muscular, pear-shaped organ that lies across the superior and posterior margins of the urinary bladder
Uterus
The uterus is divided into two regions:
Body
Cervis
Forms the largest portion of the uterus
Body
The inferior portion that connects to the vagina
Cervix
The uterine wall consists of 3 layers:
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Inner endometrium
The _________ is a continuation of the visceral peritoneum
Perimetrium
Composed most of the uterine wall and consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle that produce powerful labor contractions
Myometrium
Consists of 2 layers known as the functional layer (stratum functionalis) which lines the uterine cavity and the basal layer (stratum basalis) beneath
Inner endometrium
Composed of simple columnar epithelium, has numerous uterine glands in the underlying areolar connective tissue and is highly vascularized.
It is the site of reproductive cycles
Functional layer
Inner endometrium 2 layers:
Functional layer (stratum functionalis) Basal layer (stratum basalis)
Lines the uterine cavity
Functional layer (stratum functionalis)
Beneath the uterine cavity
Basal layer (stratum basalis)
When fertilization of an oocyte does not occur, this layer is shed during menstruation
Functional layer
Stays behind to regenerate a new functional layer in the next cycle
Basal layer
Tubular muscular canal located between the urinary bladder and the rectum
Vagina
Runs from the cervix to the exterior of the body and the urethra extends along its anterior wall
Vagina
Has non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and serves as a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow
Vagina
The surface of each ______ is covered in cuboidal epithelium
Ovary
The ovary may be subdivided into two regions:
Cortex (outer)
Medulla (inner)
Contains the follicles and corpora lutea
Cortex
Interior part of the ovary composed of many loose connective tissue and blood vessels
Medulla
The process of egg production occurs in the ovary and is called:
Oogenesis
Oogenesis begins early in ______________ when primordial germ cells in the ovary differentiate into oogonia
Fetal development
Divide mitotically increasing the number in the millions
Oogonia
Meiosis I begins and some of the oogonia will transform into:
Primary oocytes
The oocyte becomes surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells and is referred to as a:
Primary follicle
The oocyte enters into prophase I of meiosis and remains in a state of arrested development until
Puberty
Before birth and during childhood many of these cells degenerate in a process called
Atresia
Each month after puberty until menopause (age 45-55), under the influence of LH and FSH, several primary follicles increase in size as the follicular cells proliferate to form a stratified epithelium of cuboidal _______ cells around the developing ovum
Granulosa
A clear glycoprotein layer called the zona ________ forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells
Zona pellucida
Eventually a fluid-filled cavity, or _____, forms in the follicle
Antrum
As the antrum enlarges, the oocyte is pushed to one side and is surrounded by a capsule of follicular cells called the _______ _______
Corona radiata
The connective tissue around the granulosa cells condenses and differentiates as theca cells. At this stage, the follicle is known as a _______ follicle or _______ follicle
Graafian; mature
When the follicle is mature, the theca interna cells begin to secrete the hormone
Estrogen
Interacts with the pituitary hormones in a complex way in the control of ovulation.
Also responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in females
Estrogen
Pituitary hormones stimulate _________ (the rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of the secondary oocyte)
Ovulation
In the human, the secondary oocyte enters meiosis Il but remains in metaphase Il until:
Fertilization occurs
Penetration of the oocyte by a sperm is followed by completion of ________ to produce a haploid ovum and a second polar body (which degenerates).
Meiosis Il
The ovum (n) and the sperm (n) then fuse to from a ________ (2n).
Zygote
If fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte will stay in metaphase Il and will eventually be:
Shed during menstruation
After ovulation has occurred, the ruptured follicle forms a:
Corpus luteum
This is a glandular structure with a folded wall of lutein cells (which form from the follicular cells) surrounding a small amount of follicular fluid and blood.
Corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes __________ and __________
Progesterone; estrogen.
The production of ___________ is important for the development of the placenta and for the suppression of follicle maturation during pregnancy.
Progesterone
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into scar tissue known as a:
Corpus albicans
In humans, generally only one follicle is ovulated during each cycle. Those follicles that are not ovulated degenerate to form:
Atretic follicles
An egg must be fertilized within __ - __ hours after ovulation.
12-24
Sperm can remain viable for about __ hours after deposition in the vagina.
48
Will most possibly occur if intercourse takes place from a few days before ovulation to one day after ovulation.
Pregnancy
About _____ spermatozoa (out of 300 million that were ejaculated) reach the vicinity of the ovulated secondary oocyte in the distal oviduct.
2,000
The secondary oocyte is surrounded by the ____________ (outer layer of granulosa cells) and the ____________.
Corona radiata; zona pellucida
The head of a sperm is covered by helmet-like structure called the _________
Acrosome
__________ enzymes and strong flagellar movements help the sperm penetrate the cells of the corona radiata and contact the zona pellucida.
Acrosomal
Enzymes digest a path through the zona pellucida until the:
Sperm contacts the oocyte
The sperm and egg nuclei swell and become pronuclei.
The pronuclei rupture and the chromosomes mix. The haploid set of sperm chromosomes combines with the haploid set of egg chromosomes producing a diploid ________.
Zygote
A series of rapid mitotic divisions occur (referred to as cleavage) as the zygote is transported towards the uterus and the zygote becomes 2-, 4-, 16-, and 32-celled (individual cells are ___________).
Blastomeres
By the fourth day post-fertilization, the zygote is a solid sphere of cells and at this stage is called a morula and it passes into the uterus. The morula divides into about 100 cells, develops a hollow cavity and begins accumulating fluid. The zona pellucida disintegrates. This stage is called the:
Blastocyst
The process of differentiation of cells begins, as an inner cell mass forms which will become the ________ and
the outer cells are the trophoblast which will form part of the _________.
Embryo; placenta
