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Lab Exam 2 > Lab 16 > Flashcards

Lab 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The reproductive system includes:

A

Primary sex organs and accessory sex organs

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2
Q

Gonads

A

Primary sex organs

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3
Q

Ducts, glands and external genitalia

A

Accessory sex organs

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4
Q

The gonads are the reproductive organ that produce _____ and then _________

A

Gametes; sex hormones

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5
Q

The reproductive role of the male is to produce male gametes, known as __________ and deliver these gametes to the female reproductive tract

A

Sperm cells

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6
Q

Sperm cells are also called ________

A

Spermatozoa

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7
Q

The _____ are the gonads of the male

A

Testes

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8
Q

The testes hang within the ______, which is essentially a pair of abdominal pouches forming a common cutaneous sac

A

Scrotum

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9
Q

Partly surround each testis, is an accessory ducts known as:

A

Epididymis

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10
Q

Emerging from the epididymis is another accessory duct, the:

A

Ductus (vas) deferenes

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11
Q

The ductus deferenes and the associated blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue form the __________ by which each testis is suspended within the scrotum

A

Spermatic cord

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12
Q

The end of each ductus deferens enlarges to form an _________

A

Ampulla

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13
Q

Ampulla then joins with the duct from one of the _____________ (a pair of accessory glands) to form the short ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vesicles

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14
Q

The ejaculatory duct pass into the ____________ (a single acessory gland), where they empty into the urethra

A

Prostate gland

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15
Q

Extends from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis

A

Urethra

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16
Q

Urethra is divided into 3 regions:

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Penile (spongy) urethra

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17
Q

The accessory glands of the male reproductive system:

A

Paired seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Paired bulbourethral glands

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18
Q

The secretions of these accessory glands form the _______ which carries the sperm during ejaculation, activates and produces certain nutrients for the sperm, and contains substances that neutralize the somewhat acidic environment in the vagina

A

Semen (seminal fluid)

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19
Q

The organ that conducts urine to the exterior and delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

Penis

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20
Q

The penis consists of 3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue (elastic connective tissue, smooth muscle and vascular channels) each surrounded by fibrous tissue called the:

A

Tunica albuginea

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21
Q

The two dorsal columns are called the:

A

Corpora cavernosa

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22
Q

The column surround the urethra is the:

A

Corpus spongiosum

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23
Q

Each testis is covered by a dense connective tissue capsule and is composed of many coiled:

A

Seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

The ________________ lining each seminiferous tubules is made up of cells in various stages of development

A

Germinal epithelium

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25
Q

The process of sperm production which occurs in the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

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26
Q

The most immature cells are the _________ which are located near the basement membrane

A

Spermatogonia

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27
Q

Under the influence of reproductive hormones, spermatogonia begin to divide by mitosis to increase their numbers and some form _________________

A

Primary spermatocytes

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28
Q

A ________________ gives rise to four sperm cells

A

Primary spermatocyte

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29
Q

Each primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce two haploid _________________

A

Secondary spermatocytes

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30
Q

Secondary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid __________

A

Spermatids

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31
Q

The spermatids are then transformed into sperm cells (spermatozoa) by growing a _________ and shedding most of its cytoplasm

A

Flagellum

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32
Q

Sperm are continually produced throughout the males ________

A

Lifetime

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33
Q

Located between the seminiferous tubules are the _________ cells or _______ cells.

A

Interstitial; Leydig

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34
Q

These cells secrete the hormone, ________ which is necessary for spermatogenesis and for the development of the secondary sex characteristics in the male

A

Testosterone

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35
Q

The reproductive role of the female is to produce female gametes, known as ____ or _____

A

Ova; eggs

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36
Q

The _______ are the gonads of the female

A

Ovaries

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37
Q

Ovaries are two almond shaped organs that are located on each side of the ________

A

Uterus

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38
Q

The ovaries produce gametes, secondary oocytes that develop into mature egg cells (ova) after fertilization and also produce the sex hormones:

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

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39
Q

The __________ (fallopian tubes or oviducts) extend medially from the region of the ovary to enter the uterus

A

Uterine tubes

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40
Q

The uterine tube closest to the ovary forms an expanded funnel:

A

Infundibulum

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41
Q

The infundibulum has finger-like projections called:

A

Fibriae

42
Q

The fibriae contain cilia that create currents in the peritoneal fluid that propel the ovulated oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube, where it begins its journey to the

A

Uterus

43
Q

Fertilization of the oocyte occurs in the ________ at any time up to 24 hours after ovulation, if sperm are present

A

Uterine tube

44
Q

Small, muscular, pear-shaped organ that lies across the superior and posterior margins of the urinary bladder

A

Uterus

45
Q

The uterus is divided into two regions:

A

Body

Cervis

46
Q

Forms the largest portion of the uterus

A

Body

47
Q

The inferior portion that connects to the vagina

A

Cervix

48
Q

The uterine wall consists of 3 layers:

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Inner endometrium

49
Q

The _________ is a continuation of the visceral peritoneum

A

Perimetrium

50
Q

Composed most of the uterine wall and consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle that produce powerful labor contractions

A

Myometrium

51
Q

Consists of 2 layers known as the functional layer (stratum functionalis) which lines the uterine cavity and the basal layer (stratum basalis) beneath

A

Inner endometrium

52
Q

Composed of simple columnar epithelium, has numerous uterine glands in the underlying areolar connective tissue and is highly vascularized.
It is the site of reproductive cycles

A

Functional layer

53
Q

Inner endometrium 2 layers:

A 
Functional layer (stratum functionalis) 
Basal layer (stratum basalis)
54
Q

Lines the uterine cavity

A

Functional layer (stratum functionalis)

55
Q

Beneath the uterine cavity

A

Basal layer (stratum basalis)

56
Q

When fertilization of an oocyte does not occur, this layer is shed during menstruation

A

Functional layer

57
Q

Stays behind to regenerate a new functional layer in the next cycle

A

Basal layer

58
Q

Tubular muscular canal located between the urinary bladder and the rectum

A

Vagina

59
Q

Runs from the cervix to the exterior of the body and the urethra extends along its anterior wall

A

Vagina

60
Q

Has non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and serves as a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow

A

Vagina

61
Q

The surface of each ______ is covered in cuboidal epithelium

A

Ovary

62
Q

The ovary may be subdivided into two regions:

A

Cortex (outer)

Medulla (inner)

63
Q

Contains the follicles and corpora lutea

A

Cortex

64
Q

Interior part of the ovary composed of many loose connective tissue and blood vessels

A

Medulla

65
Q

The process of egg production occurs in the ovary and is called:

A

Oogenesis

66
Q

Oogenesis begins early in ______________ when primordial germ cells in the ovary differentiate into oogonia

A

Fetal development

67
Q

Divide mitotically increasing the number in the millions

A

Oogonia

68
Q

Meiosis I begins and some of the oogonia will transform into:

A

Primary oocytes

69
Q

The oocyte becomes surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells and is referred to as a:

A

Primary follicle

70
Q

The oocyte enters into prophase I of meiosis and remains in a state of arrested development until

A

Puberty

71
Q

Before birth and during childhood many of these cells degenerate in a process called

A

Atresia

72
Q

Each month after puberty until menopause (age 45-55), under the influence of LH and FSH, several primary follicles increase in size as the follicular cells proliferate to form a stratified epithelium of cuboidal _______ cells around the developing ovum

A

Granulosa

73
Q

A clear glycoprotein layer called the zona ________ forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells

A

Zona pellucida

74
Q

Eventually a fluid-filled cavity, or _____, forms in the follicle

A

Antrum

75
Q

As the antrum enlarges, the oocyte is pushed to one side and is surrounded by a capsule of follicular cells called the _______ _______

A

Corona radiata

76
Q

The connective tissue around the granulosa cells condenses and differentiates as theca cells. At this stage, the follicle is known as a _______ follicle or _______ follicle

A

Graafian; mature

77
Q

When the follicle is mature, the theca interna cells begin to secrete the hormone

A

Estrogen

78
Q

Interacts with the pituitary hormones in a complex way in the control of ovulation.
Also responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in females

A

Estrogen

79
Q

Pituitary hormones stimulate _________ (the rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of the secondary oocyte)

A

Ovulation

80
Q

In the human, the secondary oocyte enters meiosis Il but remains in metaphase Il until:

A

Fertilization occurs

81
Q

Penetration of the oocyte by a sperm is followed by completion of ________ to produce a haploid ovum and a second polar body (which degenerates).

A

Meiosis Il

82
Q

The ovum (n) and the sperm (n) then fuse to from a ________ (2n).

A

Zygote

83
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte will stay in metaphase Il and will eventually be:

A

Shed during menstruation

84
Q

After ovulation has occurred, the ruptured follicle forms a:

A

Corpus luteum

85
Q

This is a glandular structure with a folded wall of lutein cells (which form from the follicular cells) surrounding a small amount of follicular fluid and blood.

A

Corpus luteum

86
Q

The corpus luteum secretes __________ and __________

A

Progesterone; estrogen.

87
Q

The production of ___________ is important for the development of the placenta and for the suppression of follicle maturation during pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

88
Q

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into scar tissue known as a:

A

Corpus albicans

89
Q

In humans, generally only one follicle is ovulated during each cycle. Those follicles that are not ovulated degenerate to form:

A

Atretic follicles

90
Q

An egg must be fertilized within __ - __ hours after ovulation.

A

12-24

91
Q

Sperm can remain viable for about __ hours after deposition in the vagina.

A

48

92
Q

Will most possibly occur if intercourse takes place from a few days before ovulation to one day after ovulation.

A

Pregnancy

93
Q

About _____ spermatozoa (out of 300 million that were ejaculated) reach the vicinity of the ovulated secondary oocyte in the distal oviduct.

A

2,000

94
Q

The secondary oocyte is surrounded by the ____________ (outer layer of granulosa cells) and the ____________.

A

Corona radiata; zona pellucida

95
Q

The head of a sperm is covered by helmet-like structure called the _________

A

Acrosome

96
Q

__________ enzymes and strong flagellar movements help the sperm penetrate the cells of the corona radiata and contact the zona pellucida.

A

Acrosomal

97
Q

Enzymes digest a path through the zona pellucida until the:

A

Sperm contacts the oocyte

98
Q

The sperm and egg nuclei swell and become pronuclei.
The pronuclei rupture and the chromosomes mix. The haploid set of sperm chromosomes combines with the haploid set of egg chromosomes producing a diploid ________.

A

Zygote

99
Q

A series of rapid mitotic divisions occur (referred to as cleavage) as the zygote is transported towards the uterus and the zygote becomes 2-, 4-, 16-, and 32-celled (individual cells are ___________).

A

Blastomeres

100
Q

By the fourth day post-fertilization, the zygote is a solid sphere of cells and at this stage is called a morula and it passes into the uterus. The morula divides into about 100 cells, develops a hollow cavity and begins accumulating fluid. The zona pellucida disintegrates. This stage is called the:

A

Blastocyst

101
Q

The process of differentiation of cells begins, as an inner cell mass forms which will become the ________ and
the outer cells are the trophoblast which will form part of the _________.

A

Embryo; placenta

Lab Exam 2 (14 decks)

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