Lab 9 & 10 Flashcards
___ named bones
206
Skeleton is divided into:
Axial and Appendicular
Axial skeleton is composed of ____ bones
80
Appendicular skeleton is composed of ____ bones
126
The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the ____ ____ of the body
Long axis
Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage:
Axial skeleton
The ______ skeleton consists of bones from the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
Appendicular
Five main types of bones:
Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
Bones that are longer than they are wide
Long bones
Most of the bones of the limbs are ____ bones
Long
Long bones are _____ for strength
Curved
Compact bone occurs at the surface of long bones, particularly in the ______
Diaphysis
The dilated extremities or epiphyses consist of _____ bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
Spongy
Cube shaped bones (wrist/ankle or carpal/tarsal)
Short bones
Thin, flattened, usually a bit curved (sternum, scapular, ribs, skull)
Flat bones
Complicated shapes, don’t fit other classes (vertebrae, hip bones)
Irregular bones
Shaped like sesame seed, special short bone that forms patella (kneecap)
Sesamoid bones
The external surfaces of bones are rarely smooth, but instead have characteristic:
Surface markings
Composed of bones which form the long axis of the skeleton: the skull, auditory ossicles (middle ear bones - malleus, incus, stapes), hyoid bone, the vertebral column, the sternum and the ribs
Axial skeleton
Areas of fibrous connective tissue called _____, still exist between the cranial bones
Known as “soft spots”
Fontanels
The fontanels provide some flexibility to the fetal skull. Which allows:
Rapid growth
Skull to compress during birth
Ossification is usually complete by ____ years of age and the fontanels become sutures
Two
The adult skull is formed by cranial and facial bones, ____ in total
22
Enclose and protect the brain and are a site of attachment of head and neck muscles:
Cranial bones
Are immovable joints:
Sutures
Four major sutures:
Coronal, sagittal, squamous, and lambdoid sutures
Only movable bone in the skull
Mandible
Which structure passes through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord
The occipital condyles rest upon which bone?
Atlas (specifically superior fascets)
How many bones form the face? Name them
14 bones: 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 mandible, 1 vomier
How many bones form the eye orbit? Name them
7 bones: frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid
An isolated U-shaped bone, lies in the anterior part of the neck just below the mandible
Hyoid bone
The hyoid bone functions as an attachment point for the muscles of:
Tongue and larynx
The hyoid bone is the only bone of the body that does not directly _____ with any other bone
Articulate
The ______ ______ constitutes the longitudinal axis of the body
Vertebral column
The vertebral column functions as a _____ and ______ ___ that extend from the skull to the pelvic area
Strong; flexible rod
Vertebrae typically consist of a ______ _____ shaped body, a ______ ______ which contains the spinal cord and several processes
Thick disc-shaped body, a vertebral foramen
The vertebral column _____ the head and serves as an ______ point for the ribs and pelvic girdle, and for the muscles of the neck and back
Supports; attachment
Four curvatures give the vertebral column its:
S or sinusoid shape
The cervical and lumbar curves are:
Convex (bulging out)
The thoracic and sacral curves are:
Concave (cupping in)
These curvatures of the vertebral column: (4 things)
Increase strength
Maintain balance
Absorb shock when moving
Protect vertebrae from fracture
The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of _ vertebrae
7 (C1 to C7)
The lightest and smallest in the vertebral column
Cervical vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae possess ______ _____ that contain a ______ ______, for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein and the associated nerves.
Transverse processes; transverse foramen
The first two cervical vertebrae the ____ and ____, differ in structure from the other five “typical” cervical vertebrae
Atlas; axis
The atlas (C1) is essentially a bony ring which allow you to nod your head “yes” and supports the ______
Head
The axis (C2) has a large tooth-like process, the dens or odontoid process, which arises from the body of the vertebra and fits up into the anterior part of the atlas. As the head is turned from side to side, the atlas moves about the axis using the odontoid process as a pivot point. This the joint that allows you to:
Shake your head “no”
Except C1, C2, and C7, the spinous process is:
Bifid (divided by a deep cleft or notch into two parts)
Notched at the tip:
Bifid
The thoracic region of the vertebral column consists of ___ vertebrae
12
Heart-shaped body, a circular vertebral foramen, a long spinous process that points inferiorly to the presence of facets (and/or demifacets) for articulation with the ribs
“Typical” thoracic vertebra
The bones of the skeleton are attached to one another at joints or
Articulations
As the bones of the skeleton are rigid, movement can occur only at the
Joints
The joints of the bone body maybe classified in 2 ways - according to their:
Function and structure
The functional classification of joints is based on the amount of ______ that can occur at the joint.
Movement
There are three basic types of joints based on functional activities:
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthoroses
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joints
Diarthoroses
Freely movable joints
The structural classification of joints relies on the type of ______ ______ which binds articulating surfaces together and on the presence or absence of a joint cavity.
Connective tissue
There are three structural categories of joints:
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
In ______ _____ the articulating bones are firmly bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrous joints
Fibrous joints, the joint cavity is not present. They are are very strong and permit:
Little or no movement
Fibrous joints have two major types of joints in the structural division are:
Sutures & Syndesmoses
Are articulating bones that are held very close together by dense connective tissue. Functionally classified as synarthrosis or immovable joints. Example: joint found between the cranial and facial bones of the skull.
Sutures
Are the articulating bones that are united by a band of dense connective tissue. The amount of movement at this type of joint depends upon the length of the connecting fiber.
Example: joint found at the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula is classified as synarthrosis, or immovable true movement is prevented: best described as give
Syndesmoses
In these joints the articulating bones are bound to each other by cartilage. These joints lack a joint cavity and permit little or no movement.
Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous have two major types of joints in the structural division are:
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Functionally classified in the adult as synarthrosis, or immovable joints. Examples: joint formed by the coastal cartilage is of rib number one and the manubrium of the sternum; epiphyseal plates in the long bones of children.
Synchondroses
Articulating bones are connected by fibrocartilage. Functionally classified as for amphiarthroses, Or slightly moveable joints. Examples: the intervertebral discs between the bodies of the vertebrae: pubic symphysis
Symphyses
Most joints in the body. The movement is limited only by ligaments, muscles, tendons, or adjoining bones. Are characterized as diarthrosis, or freely moveable joints.
Synovial Joints
The articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity. Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers the surface of the articulating bones. The joint cavity is enclosed by an articular capsule, consisting of the outer layer, the fibrous capsule, and an inner layer, formed by the synovial membrane.
The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which fills the synovial cavity, lubricates the joint, and provides nourishment for the articular cartilage.
Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by band like ligaments composed of dense regular connective tissue.
Distinguishing features of a synovial joint.
Synovial joints can be divided into six categories according to the shape of the articulating surfaces and the type of movement allowed.
(i) Plane (gliding) joints
(ii) hinge joints
(iii) pivot joints
(iv) condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
(v) saddle joints
(vi) ball and socket joints
articulating surfaces are essentially flat. Movement does not occur around an access non-axial: only allows slight movement. Examples: the joints between the carpal bones of the wrist and between the tarsal bones of the ankle; sternocostal joint between the sternum and the ribs number 2 to 7; vertebrocostal joint between the vertebrae in the ribs snow already said that there are no: intervertebral joint between the articular processes of the vertebrae; joint between tarsals and metatarsals; joint between carpals and metacarpals of digits numbers 2 to 5; joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of scapula.
(i) Plane (gliding) joints
A convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone. Movement occurs around a single access monoaxial; permits flexion and extension. Examples: elbow joint; joint between the phalanges; ankle joint; knee joint modified hinge
(ii) hinge joints
Around its surface of one bone fits into a ring like portion of another bone. Movement occurs around a single Access Main axle; permits rotation. Examples: joint between the atlas and axis; joint between the head of the radius and the ulna
(iii) pivot joints
An oval convex surface of one bone fits into an oval concave surface of another bone. Movement occurs around two axes biaxial; permits all angular motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction. Oh and rotation. Example: joint between the carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb.
(iv) condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
each articular surface has both convex and concave areas; the surface of one bone fits as a “rider” into the saddle of the other bone. Movement occurs around 2 axes (biaxial); permits all angular motions: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation. Example: joint between the carpal and meta carpal bone of the thumb
(v) saddle joints
A ball like surface of one bone fits into a cup like depression of another bone. Movement occurs in all axes and plains multi axial or triaxial; permits all angular and rotational motions: Flexi on an extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation. Examples: shoulder joint; hip joint.
(vi) ball and socket joints
Movements that occur at synovial joints are given specific names with reference to:
Anatomical position
The movement of a limb or other body part away from the medial line of the body caused by the contraction of an abductor muscle
Abduction
The movement of a limb or other body part toward the medial line of the body caused by the contraction of an abductor muscle
Adduction
A bending movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones caused by the contraction of a flexor muscle. Two special terms are applied to ________ of the foot at the ankle joint.
Flexion
The toes pointed upward as when you stand on your heels
Dorsiflexion
The toes pointing downwards as when you stand on your tiptoes
Plantar flexion
A bending movement that increases the angle between articulating bones; straightening or extending a limb caused by the contraction of an extensor muscle
Extension
The continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
Hyper extension
The movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis without lateral displacement of the body part
Rotation
The movement in which one end of a limb remains relatively stationary while the distal end of the line moves in a circle
Circumduction
The movement of the hand from the palm up to the palm down prone position. This term can also refer to movements that place the body in a face down prone position.
Pronation
The movement of the hand from a palm down to a palm up supine position. This term can also refer to movements that place the body in a face up lying on the back position. 2 special terms are applied to unique movements of the foot.
Supination
The movement in which the soles are turned outwardly laterally
Eversion
The movement in which the soles of the foot turn inward mediately
Inversion
Is a synovial ball and socket joint formed by the articulation of the head and the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body so it is also the most unstable joint and prone to dislocation.
The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
The shoulder joint allows:
Flexion, extension, hyper extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction of the arm.
Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint, this degree of movement is possible due to the _____ _____ ____ and the relatively shallow glenoid cavity in relation to the large size of the head and humerus.
Loose articular capsule
The shoulder joint is mainly stabilized by _____ ___ muscles whose tendons fused with the articular capsule to hold the humerus in place.
Rotator cuff
The super stabilizer tendon of the biceps muscle secures the head of the humerus against the:
Glenoid cavity
The large ________ ______ between the coracoid process of the scapula and the humeral head is a thickening of the superior part of the articular capsule.
Corachorhumeral ligament
The glenohumeral ligaments are 3 thickening‘s of the ______ part of articular capsule.
Anterior
These ligaments extend from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and neck of the humerus and are often:
Indistinct providing only minimal strength
The coracoacromial ligament extends in between the coracoid process and ______.
Acromion
The joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula is a _____ _____ joint.
Synovial planter
2 ligaments provide great stability to this joint:
Acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament
Superiorly, the _________ ligament extends between the clavicle and the acromion processes.
Acromioclavicular
The very strong __________ ligament binds the clavicle to the coracoid processes of the scapula.
Coracoclavicular
_ bursae (small fluid filled sacs) are associated with the shoulder joint.
4
These flattened fibro sacks are lined with a synovial membrane and contains _____ fluid to help decrease friction on the shoulder or tendons and muscles cross the joint capsule.
Novia
The knee joint is a complicated joint that is not very vulnerable to _____.
Injury
It is classified as a modified synovial hinge joint because its movements are limited to extension, flexion and some rotation by the surrounding ligaments. Has a complex shape. At least it dozen bursae, are found associated with this joint.
Knee joint
The articulation is partially enclosed by an articular capsule. The capsule is strengthened posterially by _______ ligaments.
Popliteal
Over the ______ surface is the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
Anterior
The _____ is embedded in the tendon and the patellar ligament extends downwards to the tibial tuberosity.
Patella
The knee joint is stabilized medially and laterally by very strong medial tibial collateral ligament and lateral fibular collateral ligament which extend from the _____ to the ____ and _____, respectively.
Femur; tibia and fibula
The flat superior surface of the tibia which is the largest weight bearing surface in the body, is deepened by 2 crescent shaped fibrocartilage pads called the medial and lateral ______
Meniscus
The ______ are attached only at their outer margins and frequently become damaged or torn loose in athletic injuries.
Menisci
Additionally stability is added to the knee joint by the presence of the anterior and posterior _____ _____ _____ ligaments.
Crusade recite cruciate
These ligaments extend ______ from the superior surface of the tibia to the distal end of the femur, between the condyles.
Diagonally
They are cruciate (=cross shaped) because their paths ______ each other.
Cross
When the knee is extended the anterior cruciate ligament is taut, that’s preventing ______ of the joint.
Overextension
When the knee is flexed the posterior cruciate ligament becomes taut preventing the knee from __________ posteriorly.
Slipping
The hip joint will be examined as another example is synovial ____ ____ ___ joint.
Ball and socket
Although movement can occur in all possible planes, the _____ ligaments and ____ _____ limits the range of movement at the hip joint more than the ball and socket joint at the shoulder.
Strong; deep socket
The hip joint is formed by the articulation of the spherical head of the _____ with a deeply cupped acetabulum of the ___ ____.
Femur; hip bone
The articular capsule extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur and completely _____ the joint.
Encloses
Several strong ligaments reinforce the capsule of the hip joint. These include the
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubic femoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
A strong V-shaped ligament anteriorly
Iliofemoral ligament
A triangular thickening of the inferior part of the capsule
Pubic femoral ligament
A spiralling posterior located ligament.
Ischiofemoral ligament
A ligament concealed inside the joint and contains vessels that supply the head of the femur.
Ligamentum teres
Muscle tissue includes all three muscle types:
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
Muscle tissues are highly cellular tissues that are specialized for:
Contraction
The muscular system is composed of the ______ controlled skeletal muscle tissue of the body.
Voluntarily
The system includes some ___ individual skeletal muscles that produce body movements. Individual skeletal muscles are organs that also contain connective and nervous tissue.
700
Recall that each _____ muscle fibre is a long, thick, cylinderical cell. The ends of the muscle fibres are blunt, as the cells do not taper. Has multiple, peripherally located nuclei. Striations are visible within each fiber.
Skeletal
Skeletal muscle is voluntary consciously controlled and requires a _____ to contract.
Stimulus
Each individual muscle fibre is supplied with a ____ ending of a somatic motor neuron.
Nerve
Will control control hundreds of muscle cells.
A single motor neuron
All the muscle fibre is controlled by a single motor neuron consist of a:
Motor unit
The site of communication between the neuron and muscle cell is called a ______.
Synapse
The axon terminal divides into a cluster of structures called _____ ____ ____ which intern contain many membrane-enclosed sacs, synaptic vesicles contain the chemical neural transmitter, acetylcholine.
Synaptic end bulbs
Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones, so when a muscle contracts, one bone is moved relative to another bone and a specific movement, or _____ is produced.
Action
The bony site of attachment of a muscle at the relatively stationary end of a bone is called the ____.
Origin
The attachment site on the bone which moves is called the _____.
Insertion
The middle, thicker region of the muscle is the _____.
Belly
Skeletal muscles in the body seldom act independently; instead they are arranged in ____ which perform specific functions to produce movement at a joint.
Groups
The muscle whose contraction is primarily
responsible for producing a particular action is known as the _____ _____, or agonist.
Prime mover
As the prime mover contracts, another muscle will stretch. The muscle that stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover is called the _______.
Antagonist
Most movements also involve muscles known as _____ which contract at the same time as the prime mover. These muscles aid the prime mover in producing an effective movement.
Synergists
Some muscles in a group also act as ______, stabilizing the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently.
Fixators
Muscle location Direction of the muscle fibers Muscle shape Relative size of the the muscle Number of divisions in the origin of the muscle Location of the muscle attachments Basis of the muscle action
Muscle names
Indicates a structure located close by the muscle.
eg. temporalis - muscle near the temporal bone; tibialis anterior - muscle near the tibia
Muscle location
Indicates orientation of muscle fibers relative to the midline of the
body.
eg. external oblique - muscle fibers run diagonal to the midline; transversus abdominus
muscle fibers run perpendicular to the midline
Direction of the muscle fibers
Indicates the distinctive shape of a muscle.
eg. deltoid - roughly triangular shape; trapezius - right and left trapezius muscle form a
trapezoid shape; orbicularis oculi - circular muscle around the eye; serratus anterior
saw-toothed muscle
Muscle shape
Terms such as maximus, vastus, major, minor, longus denote size.
eg. gluteus maximus - larger gluteal muscle; vastus lateralis - huge lateral thigh muscle;
palmaris longus - long muscle of the hand
Muscle size (relative)
If biceps, triceps or quadriceps is part of the name,
two, three or four origins/heads occur.
eg. biceps brachii - has two origins
Number of divisions in the origin of the muscle
Can be named according to the points of origin and insertion.
eg. sternocleidomastoid muscle - has an origin on both the sternum and clavicle and inserts
on the mastoid process
Location of the muscle attachments
Indicates the principle action of a muscle.
eg. levator scapulae - elevates the scapula; pronator teres - turns palm posteriorly; adductor
longus - adducts the thigh
Several of these criteria may be combined in a muscle name as in the example of the extensor carpi
radialis longus which gives the muscle’s action, location, and size.
Muscle action
Muscle name: Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Lateral surface of manible
Action: Elevates mandible as in closing jaw
Muscle name: Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Manubrium of sternum
Insertion: Mastoid bone process of temporal bone
Action: Both muscles together flex neck; acting along rotates head towards shoulder on opposite side of body
Muscle name: Pectoralis major
Origin: clavicle, sternum & costal cartilages of upper ribs
Insertion: Humerus
Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at should joint
Muscle name: Deltoid
Origin: Acromion process & spine of scapula, lateral third of clavicle
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: All fibers contract - abducts arm; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm
Muscle name: Latissimus dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of T7-T12, lumbar & sacral vertebrae, & lower ribs & iliac crest
Insertion: Humerus
Action: Extends, adducts and medially rotates the arm at shoulder joint
Muscle name: Triceps brachii
Origin: Scapula & humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Action: Extends forearm
Muscle name: Biceps brachii
Origin: Scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity
Action: Flexes forearm; supinates forearm
Muscle name: Brachioradalis
Origin: Lateral border of distal humerus
Insertion: Base of styloid process of radius
Action: Flexes forearm
Muscle name: Flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus & olecranon process of ulna
Insertion: Carpals & base of metacarpal V
Action: Flexes hand; adducts hand at wrist
Muscle name: Extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of metacarpal V
Action: Extends hand; adducts hand at wrist
Muscle name: Rectus abdominus
Origin: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Insertion: Xiphoid process of sternum & costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
Action: Flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; compresses abdominal contents
Muscle name: Gluteus maximus
Origin: Posterior ilium, sacrum, & coccyx
Insertion: Posterior surface of femur
Action: Extends thigh at hip; laterally rotates thigh
Quadriceps femoris group
Muscle name: Rectus femoris
Origin: Spine of ilium and upper margin of acetabulum
Insertion: Patella & tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends lower leg and flexes thigh
Quadriceps femoris group
Muscle name: Vastus lateralis
Origin: Greater trochanter & posterior femur
Insertion: Patella & tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends lower leg & stabilizes knee
Quadriceps femoris group
Muscle name: Vastus medialis
Origin: Medial surface of femur
Insertion: Patella & tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends lower leg
Quadriceps femoris group
Muscle name: Vastus intermedius
Origin: Anterior & lateral surface of femur
Insertion: Patella & tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends lower leg
Hamstrings group
Muscle name: Biceps femoris
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia
Action: Extends thigh and laterally rotates leg; flexes lower leg
Hamstrings group Muscle name: Semitendinosus Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial surface of tibia Action: Extends thigh and flexes lower leg; medially rotates leg
Action: Extends thigh and flexes lower leg; medially rotates leg
Hamstrings group
Muscle name: Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia
Action: Extends thigh and flexes lower leg; medially rotates leg
Hamstrings group
Muscle name: Tibialis anterior
Origin: Lateral condyle & lateral surface of tibia
Insertion: Tarsal bone & metatarsal I
Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Hamstrings group
Muscle name: Gastrocnemius
Origin: Lateral & medial condyles of femur
Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus
Action: Plantar flexes foot and flexes lower leg
Hamstrings group
Muscle name: Extensor digitorum longus
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia & anterior surface of fibula
Insertion: Middle & distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Action: Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot and extends toes
A projection from a structure
Process
Larger prominence where muscles and CT attach
Tuberosity
A small rounded prominence often a site of attachment for tendon/ligament
Tubercle
A tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone
Trochanter
A rounded protuberance at the end of some bones forming articulation with another bone
Condyle
Rounded eminence that lies upon the condyle
Epicondyle
Pairs of small joints between the vertebrae in the back of the spine
Facet
Raised prominent part of the edge bone
Crest
Most proximal portion of a bone
Head
Bony hollow archway creating a pathway which all spinal nerves run
Foramen
Natural body opening / canal with long axis in midsagittal plane
Meatus
Depressed area; usually broad and shallow
Fossa
Purpose of fontanels?
Allow skull to compress as it passes through birth canal
Rapid growth of brain
Which structure passes through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord
The occipital condyles rest upon which bone?
Atlas (specifically superior facets)
Ribs 1-7
Attach directly to the sternum
True Ribs
Do not attach directly
Are attached by costal cartilage to sternum
False Ribs
Do not attach to front of sternum at all
Bottom 2 ribs
Less stable and more prone to breakage
Floating Ribs
What is scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
What is kyphosis?
An incresed front-to-back curve of the upper spine (forward rounding of the back)
Spinal deformity
What two bones contribute to the zygomatic arch?
Zygomatic bone and zygomatic process
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
Protect the heart and lungs
What two bones compose the hard palate?
Maxilla and platine bone
What are the bodies of lumbar vertebrae so large?
To support the weight of the standing body
The space enclosed by the pelvic girdle and below the pelvic brim: between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic floor
True pelvis
Is bounded on either side by the ilium. In front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia; behind is a deep notch on either side between the ilium and the base of the sacrum
The false (or greater) pelvis
Function of synovial fluid?
Joint lubrication
Nourishment for articular cartilage
Function of ligaments surrounding a joint?
To reinforce and strengthen joints
Inflammation of the bursae (fluid fileld sacs)
Bursitis
Inflammation of the tendon
Tendonitis
Inflammation of the joints (tenderness/swelling)
Joint pain, stiffness
Arthritis
3 muscle layers of the abdominal wall from most external to internal:
External oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominis
Which bone articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket) and the tibia?
Femur
Which bone is the one you “sit down on”?
Ischial tuberosity
To which bone of the axial skeleton does the pectoral girdle attach?
Clavicle bone
What bones compose the palm of the hand?
Metacarpal bones
Name the 3 bones that compose of os coxae?
Ilium, Ishium and Pubis
Sit on the edge of your chair with your legs straight out in front of you, heels on the floor. Turn the soles of your feet away from each other. Name this movment
Eversion
Now turn the soles of your feet toward each other. What movement is this?
Inversion
