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Lab Exam 2 > Lab 14 > Flashcards

Lab 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system can be separated into two main components:

A

Digestive tract

Various accessory organs.

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2
Q

The digestive tract is a continuous tube that begins at the ______ and ends at the _______

A

Mouth; anus

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3
Q

The accessory digestive organs include (6):

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

The ________, are located in the mouth and surrounded by a delicate mucosa, the __________.

A

Teeth; gingiva (or gums)

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5
Q

The roof of the mouth is formed by the ______ palate anteriorly and the _______ palate posteriorly.

A

Hard; soft

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6
Q

Most of the mouth cavity is filled by the _______, an accessory organ which functions in food manipulation, taste and speech.

A

Tongue

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7
Q

Solid food must be reduced to small particles before it can effectively undergo chemical changes in the digestive tract. The teeth accomplish this function by the process of _________.

A

Mastication

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8
Q

Each type of tooth is adapted for its:

A

Function

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9
Q

Chisel-shaped _______ are used for cutting and shearing food.

A

Incisors

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10
Q

______________ have a single cusp, a high point used for tearing the food.

A

Canines (cuspids)

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11
Q

______________ which have two cusps, are adapted for crushing and cracking food

A

Premolars (bicuspids)

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12
Q

______________, with multiple cusps, are well adapted for grinding food into fine pieces.

A

Molars (tricuspids)

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13
Q

Humans and all other mammals develop ___ sets of teeth during their lifetimes,

A

2

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14
Q

The first set consists of the ______ (primary or baby) teeth

A

Deciduous

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15
Q

The second set, the ________ (secondary)

teeth

A

Permanent

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16
Q

Teeth begin to erupt in babies at about _ months of age.

A

6

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17
Q

By the time a child is six years old, a full

set of deciduous teeth (consisting of __ teeth) is usually present

A

20

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18
Q

Each HALF of each jaw (right and left.

halves of upper and lower jaws) contains (counting the teeth from the centre to the sides):

A

Two incisors, one canine and two molars.

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19
Q

two incisors, one canine and two molars. This count is represented by a:

A

Dental formula

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20
Q

In the dental formula: I incisors, C = canines, P = premolars, M = molars. The numbers above the lines represent the teeth in HALF of the _______ jaw and the lower numbers represent the teeth in HALF of the ______ jaw.

A

Upper; lower

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21
Q

In the adult, there are 16 teeth in each jaw, ____ teeth altogether.

A

32

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22
Q

It is not unusual for the third molar (the ________ tooth) never to develop or erupt.

A

“Wisdom”

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23
Q

Extra teeth (_____________ teeth) occur frequently as well.

A

Supernumerary

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24
Q

All teeth are constructed on a basic plan, consisting of two principal parts:

A

Crown

Root

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25
Q

which is the exposed portion of the tooth

A

Crown

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26
Q

which is the portion of the tooth imbedded in the alveolus (the bony socket) of the maxilla or mandible.

A

Root

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27
Q

Accessory organs that are found in association with the mouth include the ____ pairs of primary
salivary glands.

A

Three

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28
Q

The largest of the salivary glands; lie anterior to the ear. These glands have an irregular shape and overlap the large masseter muscle

A

Parotid glands

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29
Q

Inferior to the parotid glands are the _________ glands. These glands are situated along the inner surfaces of the mandible.

A

Submandibular

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30
Q

The small ________ glands are anterior and deep to the submandibular glands.

A

Sublingual

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31
Q

The salivary glands all secrete a watery fluid, ______, into thin ducts which open into the mouth.

A

Saliva

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32
Q

Saliva has a variety of functions, including:

A

Mouth lubrication
Moistening food
Dissolving chemicals in food (taste)

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33
Q

As well, saliva contains the enzyme - _____________ that begins the digestion of CARBOHYDRATES

A

Salivary amylase

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34
Q

A muscular tube that functions in the transport of food to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

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35
Q

The esophagus descends through the thoracic cavity, just posterior to the trachea, and then enters the abdominal cavity through an opening in the ___________.

A

Diaphragm

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36
Q

As food and liquids pass from the laryngopharynx
into the esophagus, the opening to the larynx is closed off by the __________.
This action ensures that food and fluids do not enter the respiratory tract.

A

Epiglottis

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37
Q

Large, crescent shaped organ located in the abdominal cavity, a temporary storage area for food.

A

Stomach

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38
Q

Is the primary digestive organ of the human body.

A

Small intestine

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39
Q

It is the part of the digestive tract in which the chemical digestion of food is completed and the absorption of nutrients occurs.

A

Small intestine

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40
Q

The small intestine is a convoluted tube that consists of three regions:

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (in order)

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41
Q

This region receives the partially digested food from the stomach and secretions from the liver, the gallbladder and the pancreas.

A

Duodenum

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42
Q

The middle portion of the small intestine is the _______ and the last portion is the _____

A

Jejunum; ileum

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43
Q

Extends from the ileum to the anus. The major function of this region is the absorption of water from the undigested food material

A

Large intestine

44
Q

The ileum opens into a short, sac-like ________,

which is the first part of the large intestine.

A

Cecum

45
Q

Attached to the cecum is a small worm-like structure, the

________________

A

Vermiform appendix

46
Q

From the cecum, the ascending colon travels along the right side of the abdominal cavity up to the inferior edge of the liver where it makes a right-angle turn and becomes the:

A

Transverse colon

47
Q

The transverse colon crosses the abdomen, from right to left, and makes a sharp downward-turn to become the

A

Descending colon

48
Q

The descending colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity where; at the brim of the pelvis, it forms an S-shaped curve, called the ______________ and then continues to the rectum.

A

Sigmoid colon

49
Q

The rectum opens to the exterior of the body through the:

A

Anus

50
Q

Located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity, immediately beneath the diaphragm. The digestive function is in the production and secretion of bile

A

Liver

51
Q

Performs many other vital metabolic functions such as: removing nutrients from the blood; storing glucose, liver glycogen, and vitamins; detoxification of metabolic wastes; and synthesis of blood-clotting factors.

A

Liver

52
Q

The liver organ is divided into two main lobes:

A

Right lobe and smaller left lobe

53
Q

The lobes of the liver are made up of many functional units called __________.

A

Lobules

54
Q

Is a roughly hexagonal structure consisting of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, that radiate outward from a central vein

A

Each lobule

55
Q

__________ manufacture bile, a fat emulsifier, which is secreted into tiny channels, bile canaliculi, between the cells

A

Hepatocytes

56
Q

At the corners of the lobule is a _____________ - consisting of a branch of the hepatic artery (supplying oxygen rich blood to the liver), a branch of the hepatic portal vein (carrying venous blood rich in nutrients from the intestines), and a bile duct.

A

Portal triad

57
Q

Blood from both the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery flows from the triad region, into liver ___________, capillary channels located between the hepatocytes.

A

Sinusoids

58
Q

Blood then empties into the central vein, eventually entering the hepatic veins which carry blood to the

A

Inferior vena cava

59
Q

The pancreas is composed of two distinct types of glandular tissue:

A 
Exocrine glands (98%)
Endocrine glands (2%)
60
Q

98% of the pancreas

A

Exocrine glands

61
Q

2% of the pancreas

A

Endocrine tissue

62
Q

Ductless endocrine glands that consist of a group of cells of pancreas which release hormones into the blood.

A

Islets of Langerhans

63
Q

The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs is called the:

A

Peritoneum

64
Q

The peritoneum can be divided into two portions: the _________ peritoneum that covers the external surface of most of the digestive organs and the ___________ peritoneum which lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Visceral; parietal

65
Q

The visceral and parietal portions of the peritoneum are __________ with one another.

A

Continuous

66
Q

There are several membranes, made up of folds of the peritoneum, which hold the digestive organs in place and contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

A

Mesenteries

67
Q

A mesentery which hangs free in the abdominal cavity or connects organs to each other is called an __________.

A

Omentum

68
Q

The _________________ is a double walled peritoneal sac that extends from the inferior border (greater curvature) of the stomach over the small and large intestines.

A

Greater omentum

69
Q

Attached to the left side of the greater omentum at the lateral border of the stomach is another organ, the ________.

A

Spleen

70
Q

This reddish organ plays an important role in the removal of aged and defective blood cells, but is not involved in digestion.

A

Spleen

71
Q

Joins the superior border (lesser curvature) of the stomach to the liver.

A

Lesser omentum

72
Q

The ______________ suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall.

A

Falciform ligament

73
Q

The mesentery that connects the different parts of the small intestine to each other is called the:

A

Mesentery proper

74
Q

The most distinctive aspect of the esophagus is the presence of a _________________ epithelium in the mucosa

A

Stratified squamous

75
Q

The epithelial layer of the mucosa of the stomach is composed of a __________________, these surface cells are mucus-producing cells.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

76
Q

In the stomach, the gastric pits lead into deep:

A

Gastric glands

77
Q

Specialized ______________ line the gastric glands, some of these cells produce mucous, others pepsinogen (a precursor of the enzyme pepsin) and some cells produce hydrochloric acid.

A

Epithelial cells

78
Q

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds called:

A

Rugae

79
Q

The submucosa of the stomach resembles that of the esophagus and the ____________ contains the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

A

Muscularis

80
Q

Composed of simple columnar cells (3 regions):

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

81
Q

In the small intestine, tiny extensions of the plasma membrane of the epithelia cell, _________, not visible with the light microscope, will increase surface area.

A

Microvilli

82
Q

in the core of each villus is a dense capillary bed and wide lymph capillary called:

A

Lacteal

83
Q

Between the villi are deep indentations, the:

A

Intestinal glands or crypts

84
Q

You may also see larger folds present in your section, these are the:

A

Circular folds or plicae circulares

85
Q

These deep permanent folds (circular folds or plicae circulares) of the mucosa and submucosa force chyme to spiral through the intestine, ________ it and slowing its progress

A

Mixing

86
Q

The characteristics which distinguish the large intestine from the small intestine are:

A

Absence of villi

Presence of enormous numbers of goblet cells in the simple columnar epithelium

87
Q

The intestinal glands of the mucosa are:

A

Deep and straight

88
Q

Special proteins, the ____________, which are secreted by various accessory glands, catalyze these chemical reactions.

A

Digestive enzymes

89
Q

By binding with the food molecules, the enzymes speed up the digestive reactions, allowing them to occur at ____________ body temperature and pH.

A

Normal

90
Q

Protein digestion begins in the _______ with the action of pepsin.

A

Stomach

91
Q

Is a proteolytic (protein-breaking) enzyme secreted by the chief cells of the stomach in the inactive form, pepsinogen

A

Pepsin

92
Q

Pepsin functions most effectively in an ______ pH of 1.5 to 2.0.

A

Acidic

93
Q

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______________ which maintains the optimum pH for protein digestion by pepsin.

A

Hydrochloric acid

94
Q

Many of the lipids in the human diet are

A

Triglycerides

95
Q

These lipid molecules are insoluble in water and must be treated with _______ to emulsify them before digestion can occur.

A

Bile salts

96
Q

The enzyme, ____________ is responsible for the digestion of lipids into free fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Pancreatic lipase

97
Q

Pancreatic lipase is produced by the __________ and secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine.

A

Pancreas

98
Q

Bile salts are a component of the bile, which is produced by the _______ and released into the duodenum.

A

Liver

99
Q

Visceral smooth muscle exhibits automaticity the ability to contract without:

A

Nervous stimulation

100
Q

The fibers (cells) of smooth muscle are capable of stimulating __________

A

Each other

101
Q

Impulses travel from cell to cell via specialized membrane junctions called

A

Gap junctions

102
Q

Visceral smooth muscle also exhibits _________: a regular pattern of repeated contractions.
This pattern results from the presence of specialized fibers which generate spontaneous impulses into the surrounding muscle tissue.

A

Rhythmicity

103
Q

These two characteristics of visceral smooth muscle are responsible for the wave-like contractions called ___________ that occur in the digestive tract.

A

Peristalsis

104
Q

The role of the __________ nervous system in visceral smooth muscle function is to regulate the rate and the relative strength of contraction.

A

Autonomic

105
Q

Hydochloric acid is required for protein digestion by pepsin becuase pepsin requires an _____ pH

A

Acidic

106
Q

Pancreas secretory cells produce ______________ which contains many important digestive enzymes. These enzymes enter a system of ducts, eventually reaching the duodenum.

A

Pancreatic juice

107
Q

Stomach, the epithelium forms indentations called

A

Gastric pits

Lab Exam 2 (14 decks)

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