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Lab Exam 2 > Lab 12 > Flashcards

Lab 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Non-nucleated biconcave discs
Approximately 7-8um in diameter
Contain the oxygen carrying pigment known as hemoglobin

A

Red blood cells (Eryhrocytes)

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2
Q

Occur in a wide variety of forms

A

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

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3
Q

Two major groups of leukocytes are:

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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4
Q

Characterized by a large number of visible cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

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5
Q

Have no apparent cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocytes

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6
Q

Types of Granulocytes:

A

Neutophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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7
Q

Types of Agranulocytes:

A

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

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8
Q

Multilobed nucleus
Inconspicuous, pale purple granules
60-70% of total Leukocytes

A

Neutophil

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9
Q

Bilobed nucleus
Many, large red granules
2-4% of total Leukocytes

A

Eosinophil

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10
Q

S-shaped nucleus
Many, large purple granules
0.5-1% of total Leukocytes

A

Basophil

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11
Q

Large round nucleus
No visible granules, thin rim of blue cytoplasm
20-25% of total Leukocytes

A

Lymphocyte

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12
Q

Large, horse shoe shaped nucleus
No visible granules, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
3-8% of total Leukocytes

A

Monocyte

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13
Q

The most numerous cells
Function in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Stain pink for eosin stain

A

Red blood cells

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14
Q

Are white blood cells that contain visible granules of different sizes and colors

A

Granulocytes

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15
Q

Phagocytic, functioning in the destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms and other foreign matter
Range in size from 10-12 um in diamter
Segmented nucleus
Minute pink to violet granules
Only weakly reacts with either acidic eosin or basic methylene blue dyes of Wright’s stain

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Range from 10-12 um in diameter
Play a role in the control of local responses associated with allergic reactions
Important defense against multicellular parasites
Reddish-orange globular granules

A

Eosinophils

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17
Q

The most difficult granulocytes to locate
May be involved in allergic reactions, releasing herparin and histamine that enhance immune response
8-10 um
Large, dark purple granules
Affinity for methylene dye

A

Basophil

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18
Q

White blood cells that lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocytes

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19
Q

Most numerous of the agranular leuocytes
20-25%
Produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process
Can occur in 3 sizes

A

Lymphocytes

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20
Q 
Largest of white blood cells
12-20 um
Highly phagocytic
Engulf large particles
Light staining, blue violet nucleus
A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Blood also contains cell fragments called _______.
150,000 to 400,4000 per cubic milimeter of blood
Disc-shaped
2-4 um
No nucleus
Stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a plug

A

Platelets

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22
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

A

Hematocrit

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23
Q

Uses a series of lithographed colors that illustrate the tints of blood ranging from 10% to 100% hemoglobin

A

Tallquist Scale

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24
Q

An instrument which compares a hemolyzed sample of blood with a color of standard by moving a slide on the side back and forth until the two halves of the green field match
Grams Hb/100 ml

A

Hemoglobinometer

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25
Q

The blood groups are based on the presence or absence of genetically determined glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell membrane of RBCs

A

Antigens

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26
Q

Found in blood plasma

A

Antibodies

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27
Q

Agglutinate means

A

Clump

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28
Q

Presence of antigen D in the blood

A

Rh positive

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29
Q

Do not have antigen D present in their blood

A

Rh negative

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30
Q

When mismatched blood is given to a recipient a ________ _______ may occur in which the recipients plasma antibodies recognize the antigens of the donor’s RBC as foreign and mount an immune response

A

Transfusion reaction

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31
Q

Transfusion rule

A

The recipient’s antibodies MUST NOT MATCH the donor’s antigens

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32
Q

A decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood and consequently a decreased amount of oxygen reaches the tissue
Could result from decreased production of erythrocytes
Iron deficiency or b12

A

Anemia

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33
Q

Malformation of RBC

A

Sickle cell anemia

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34
Q

The ________ and ________ evaluations are the most important tests in the diagnosis of anemia

A

Hematocrit; hemoglobin

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35
Q

A condition characterized by above normal RBC counts

May be due to living in high altitude or red marrow malignancy

A

Polycythemia

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36
Q

Visual method to count RBC and WBC

Instrument consists of special microscope slide that contains two counting chambers

A

Hemacytometer

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37
Q

A white blood cell count of more than 10,000

A

Leukocytosis

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38
Q

White blood cell count significantly less than 5,000

A

Leukopenia

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39
Q

Blood normally clots within _ to _ minutes

A

2; 6

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40
Q

Conduct blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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41
Q

Conduct blood towards the heart

A

Veins

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42
Q

Interconnecting the two major blood vessel types are microscopic:

A

Capillaries

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43
Q

Only consist of a single layer of endothelial cells (simple squamous cells) and a basement membrane

A

Capillaries

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44
Q

The lumen of the ____ is larger than that of the _____ , the actual wall however, is thinner

A

Vein; Artery

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45
Q

The shape of an _______ in cross-section is usually, but not always round. ______ tend to be more irregular and may be collapsed on the side

A

Artery; veins

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46
Q

The innermost layer composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. In some of the large arteries this layer also includes an internal elastic membrane (known as the elastica interna) which appears as thing, bright, scalloped line

A

Tunica interna (Intima) - Artery

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47
Q

The middle layer, consisting mainly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers running in a circular direction around the lumen

A

Tunica media - Artery

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48
Q

The outer layer, composed of fibrous connective tissue and fat cells. In some of the larger arteries the tunica media and tunica externa are separated by an external elastic membrane the elastica externa

A

Tunica externa (adventitia) - Artery

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49
Q

Consists of a layer of endothelial cells. There is no elastic interna.

A

Tunica interna - Vein

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50
Q

Composed mainly of circular smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media - Vein

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51
Q

Composed of loose fibrous connective tissue with fat cells

A

Tunica externa - Vein

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52
Q

Two upper chambers are the:

A

Atria

53
Q

The lower chambers are the:

A

Ventricles

54
Q

Thin-walled receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from veins

A

Atria

55
Q

The pumping chambers and have a very thick muscular wall

A

Ventricles

56
Q

A slight groove containing _________ blood vessels separates the left and right ventricles externally on the ventral surface

A

Coronary blood vessels

57
Q

The coronary veins drain blood from the capillaries and return blood to the _________ _______, a large vein that also opens into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

58
Q

Large artery originates from the right ventricle of the heart and is the start of the pulmonary circuit of blood flow

A

Pulmonary trunk

59
Q

Pulmonary trunk carries _________ blood

A

Deoxygenated

60
Q

The artery which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation

A

Aorta

61
Q

The large vein which delivers venous blood collected from the head, neck and arm regions to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava

62
Q

The large vein which delivers venous blood collected from the lower body regions to the right atrium

A

Inferior vena cava

63
Q

These veins are visible on the dorsal surface of the heart. These blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

64
Q

Three pouches at the base of the pulmonary trunk
Composed of flaps of endothelium (the tissue lining the inner surface of the heart) with a small amount of CT between the layers of the flaps

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

65
Q

Valve at the base of the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

66
Q

Valve which separates the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

67
Q

These cusps are anchored to the papillary muscles of the ventricle wall by fibrous cords known as:

A

Chorade tendineae

68
Q

Valve separating the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

69
Q

Receives blood from the systemic circulation through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

70
Q

Returns blood from the myocardium

A

Coronary sinus

71
Q

Venous blood passes from the right atrium into the:

A

Right ventricle

72
Q

From there, it is pumped to the lungs by way of the:

A

Pulmonary trunk

73
Q

The pulmonary trunk splits into two smaller arteries, the left and right ________ arteries, which continue to the lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries

74
Q

After gas exchange in the lungs occurs, blood rich in oxygen returns to the left atrium through the ________ _____.

A

Pulmonary veins

75
Q

Blood next enters the left ventricle, which pumps through the _____ to the body.

A

Aorta

76
Q

The major circulatory pathways of the body are the:

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

77
Q

Composed of the arteries and veins that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Begins at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium.

A

Pulmonary circulation

78
Q

Transports oxygenated blood to all parts of the body that are not in the pulmonary circuit and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Begins at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium.

A

Systemic circulation

79
Q

Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the

A

Ascending aorta

80
Q

As the ascending aorta leaves the left ventricle, the left and right _________ _______ branch off to go to the myocardium of the heart

A

Coronary arteries

81
Q

The ascending aorta forms an arch-like structure just above the heart known as the

A

Aortic arch

82
Q

The aortic arch has 3 branches:

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

83
Q

The brachiocephalic artery branches to form the right ______ _____ and the right subclavian artery

A

Common artery

84
Q

Each subclavian artery runs laterally to reach the underarm region where it is called the_______ artery and the passes into the arm where it is known as the_______ artery

A

Axillary; brachial

85
Q

The right and left common carotid arteries each divide into a right _______ _____ artery and the right subclavian artery

A

Common carotid

86
Q

The continuation of the aortic arch is the:

A

Descending aorta

87
Q

As the descending aorta passes into the thoracic cavity it becomes the:

A

Thoracic aorta

88
Q

Branching from the thoracic aorta supply blood to the intercostal muscles

A

Intercostal arteries

89
Q

After passing through the diaphragm, the thoracic aorta becomes the

A

Abdominal artery

90
Q

The first major branch from the abdominal aorta is short, unpaired

A

Celiac artery

91
Q

The celiac artery has 3 important branches:

A

Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery

92
Q

Supplies blood to the liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum and pancreas

A

Common hepatic artery

93
Q

Supplies blood to the stomach and inferior part of the esophagus

A

Left gastric artery

94
Q

Supplies blood to the spleen, stomach, and pancreas

A

Splenic artery

95
Q

A short distance posterior or distal to the celiac artery is the ________ _______ ______ which supplies blood to the mesentery, small intestine, pancreas, and part of the large intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery

96
Q

Next two _____ _____ branch from different points along the abdominal aorta and pass to the kidneys

A

Renal arteries

97
Q

Paired ______ (testicular or ovarian) ______ branch of slightly posterior to the renal arteries to supply blood to the goands

A

Gonadal arteries

98
Q

Just before the abdominal aorta ends, it gives off a single branch, the ________ _______ ______ which supplies blood to the posterior part of the colon and rectum

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

99
Q

Near the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, the abdominal aorta divides to form the right and left ______ ______ _____

A

Common iliac arteries

100
Q

Each common iliac artery divides to form an _____ iliac artery and and _____ iliac artery.

A

Internal; external

101
Q

Supply blood to the pelvic organs and thigh muscles

A

The internal iliac arteries

102
Q

The external iliac arteries enter the thigh and become the right and left

A

Femoral arteries

103
Q

Each femoral artery continues to the knee where it becomes known as the

A

Popliteral artery

104
Q

Supply blood to the leg and foot

A

Popliteral artery

105
Q

The major vein draining the anterior part of the body is the

A

Superior vena cava

106
Q

The two blood vessels which unite to form the superior vena cava are the right and left

A

Brachiocephalic veins

107
Q

Formed by the union of the subclavian vein and the internal and external jugular veins and the vertebral vein

A

Brachiocephalic vein

108
Q

Collects blood from the arms

A

Subclavian vein

109
Q

Drain the head and neck

A

Internal and external jugular veins

110
Q

Collects blood from the skull and spinal cord

A

Vertebral vein

111
Q

Returns venous blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm

A

Inferior vena cava

112
Q

The first veins entering the inferior vena cava posterior to the diaphragm are the right and left ______ ______ which drain the liver

A

Hepatic veins

113
Q

The right and left _____ veins are the next major veins to enter the inferior vena cava

A

Renal

114
Q

At its posterior or distal end, and inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left ______ _____ veins

A

Common iliac veins

115
Q

Each common iliac vein is formed, in turn by the union of the _______ iliac vein and the ______ iliac vein

A

Internal; external

116
Q

The external iliac veins merge into the ______ veins which are formed by the _______ veins.

A

Femoral; popliteral

117
Q

Because the lungs of the developing individual contain no air, the blood carries on gas exchange in the _______, an organ composed partly of maternal tissue and partly of the fetal tissue

A

Placenta

118
Q

Fetal blood travels through the ______ ____

A

Umbilical cord

119
Q

Umbilical cord contains three vessels: two smaller ______ _____ and one large ______ ____

A

Umbilical arteries

Umbilical vein

120
Q

Following absorption of nutrients and oxygen by the fetal capillaries in the chorionic villi, blood is circulated to the fetus by a single ______ _____, which enters the fetal abdomen at the umbilicus

A

Umbilical vein

121
Q

In the liver, the hepatic portal vein forms sinusoids that are drained by the hepatic veins into the

A

Inferior vena cava

122
Q

Arises from the second branch of the umbilical vein and shunts the majority of the oxygenated blood DIRECTLY to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver

A

Ductus venosus

123
Q

The inferior vena cava carries the blood into the right _______ of the heat

A

Atrium

124
Q

Reaching the right atrium, the blood mixes with that of the

A

Superior vena cava

125
Q

Most of the blood then passes directly into the left ______ by way of first shunting mechanism, a hole in the interracial septum known as _______ ______

A

Atrium; foramen ovalis

126
Q

Some blood does pass from the right atrium into the right _______ and out through the _______ _____

A

Ventricle; pulmonary trunk

127
Q

However the second shunting mechanism, a small blood vessel know as the _________ ______, connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta and succeeds in channeling most of the blood away from the pulmonary circulation

A

Ductus arteriosus

128
Q

The umbilical arteries, which are bunch of the ______ ______ arteries, carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta where gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs

A

Internal iliac

129
Q

RBCs are the most numerous and outnumber the white blood cells by about ________

A

700:1

Lab Exam 2 (14 decks)

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