Lab List Wednesday 6/25/14 Flashcards
What is the neurocranium and what bones form it?
- bony covering of the brain and cranial meninges, contains the proximal cranial nerves and vasculature
- frontal
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- occipital
- two temporal
- two parietal
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
- opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
- maxillary nerve (CN V2)
- mandibular nerve (CN V3)
What is the viscerocranium and what does it consist of?
- facial skeleton, consists of the bones surrounding the mouth, nose, orbits
- mandible
- ethmoid
- vomer
- paired bones:
- maxilla
- inferior nasal concha
- zygomatic
- palatine
- nasal
- lacrimal
Contents of the orbit:
- eyeball
- extraocular muscles
- opthalmic vessels
- CN II, III, IV, V, and V1
What are the 3 facial foramena that function to transmit branches of the trigeminal nerves?
- supraorbital foramen : opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
- infraorbital foramen : maxillary nerve (CN V2)
- mental foramen : mandibular nerve (CN Vf3)
Significance of petrous temporal and occipital condyles?
- petrous temporal : houses organs of hearing and balance
- occipital condyles : articulate with the C1 vertebra (atlas)
What forms the anterior cranial fossa and what are its contents?
- formed by frontal bone
- contents:
- crista galli - anchors falx cerebri
- cribriform plate - transmits olfactory nerves from olfactory mucosa
to the olfactory bulbs - orbital plate
What forms the middle cranial fossa and what are its contents?
- formed by sphenoid and tubercles
- contains:
- sella turcica - “hypophyseal fossa” houses the pituitary gland
- optic canal - transmits CN II (optic nerve) and opthalmic artery
- foramen spinosum - transmits middle meningeal artery and vein
- foramen lacerum
- foramen ovale - transmits CN V3 (mandibular nerve) to the
infratemporal fossa - superior orbital fissure - transmits CN III (oculomotor), IV (Trochlear),
V1 (opthalmic), and VI (abducent) nerves - foramen rotundum - transmits CN V2 (maxillary nerve) to
pterygopalatine fossa
What forms the posterior cranial fossa, what does it house, and what are its contents?
- formed by occipital bone and temporal bones
- houses cerebellum, pons, medulla
- contains:
- foramen magnum: transmits medulla, meninges, vertebral and spinal vessels, spinal root CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)
- internal acoustic meatus: transmits cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
- jugular foramen: transmits internal jugular vein, CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), CN X (vagus nerve), and CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)
- hypoglossal canal - transmits CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
What are the five layers of the scalp?
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose areolar connective tissue Pericranium
3 layers of cranial meninges superficial to deep?
- Dura mater
- arachnoid matter
- pia matter
Dura matter 2 layers:
- periosteal layer = external
- meningeal layer = internal
What do dural infoldings do and what are they?
- separate cranial cavities into compartments ant limit movement of the brain
- four exits:
- falx cerebri = largest, vertical, separate right and left hemispheres
- tentorium cerebelli = tent like appearance, separates occipital lobes
and cerebellum - falx cerebelli = small, under tentorium cerebelli, partially separates
cerebellar hemispheres - diaphragma sellae = smallest infolding, covers pituitary gland
What supplies blood to the dura? Which cranial foramen does it come out of? What innervates the dura?
- middle meningeal artery
- foramen spinosum
- cranial nerve V (referred pain)
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) held?
subarachnoid space with blood vessels
What layer of the meninges contacts the brain and is highly vasculated?
Pia matter
List the cranial nerves, their names, and what type of fibers they contain:
CN I: olfactory, sensory CN II: optic, sensory CN III: oculomotor, motor CN IV: trochlear, motor CN V: trigeminal, both CN VI: abducent, motor CN VII: facial, both CN VIII: vestibulocochlear, sensory CN IX: glossopharyngeal, both CN X: vagus, both CN XI: spinal accessory, motor CN XII: hypoglossal, motor
Cranial nerve I
- olfactory nerve
- sensory fibers
- function: smell
- cranial exit: foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Cranial nerve II
- optic nerve
- sensory fibers
- function: sensory vision from retina
- cranial exit: optic canal
Cranial nerve III
- oculomotor nerve
- motor fibers
- fuction: - motor to inferior, superior, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris muscles
- Parasympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles,
constrict pupils and accomodates lenses of the eyes - cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
Cranial Nerve IV
- trochlear nerve
- motor fibers
- function: motor to superior oblique to assist in turning eye infrolaterally (or inferior when adducted)
- cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
Cranial nerve V
- trigeminal nerve
- V1: opthalmic, sensory, superior orbital fissure, supraorbital foramen
- Function: cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, mucosa of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
- V2: maxillary, sensory, foramen rotundum, infraorbital foramen
- Function: skin of face over maxilla, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate
- V3: mandibular, motor, foramen ovale, mental foramen
- Function: muscles of mastication, myohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
Cranial nerve VI
- abducent nerve
- motor fibers
- function: lateral rectus muscle to turn eye laterally
- superior orbital fissure
Cranial nerve VII
- facial nerve
- motor fibers
- function: motor: parasympathetic to submandibular, sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, glands to nose and palate
- motor: muscles of facial expression and scalp
- sensory: skin of external acoustic meatus, taste
- internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, submastoid foramen
Cranial nerve VIII
- vestibulocochlear nerve
- sensory fibers
- function: hearing and balance
- cranial exit: internal acoustic meatus
Cranial nerve IX
- glossopharyngeal nerve
- both fibers
- function: sensory and motor to structures of tongue and pharynx, taste
- jugular foramen
Cranial nerve X
- vagus nerve
- motor parasympathetic fibers to: trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, heart, motor constrictive for pharynx, larynx, palate muscles, esophagus
- sensory fibers to auricle, external acoustic meatus, dura of posterior cranial fossa, tongue, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach, intestine, epiglottis, palate
- jugular foramen
Cranial nerve XI
- spinal accessory nerve
- motor fibers
- function: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
- jugular foramen
Cranial Nerve XII
- hypoglossal nerve
- motor fibers
- function: intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
- hypoglossal canal
What structures exit the cranium out of the jugular foramen?
- CN XI (spinal accessory nerve),
- CN X (vagus nerve)
- CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
What structures exit the cranium from the internal acoustic meatus?
- Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
- cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
What structures exit the cranium out of the superior orbital fissure?
- cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
- cranial nerve IV (trochlear)
- cranial nerve V1 (opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve)
- cranial nerve VI (abducent)
What structures do cranial nerve V2 and V3 EXIT THE CRANIUM from?Where do they exit the skull?
- V2 exits cranium through foramen rotundum, exits skull through infraorbital foramen
V3 exits cranium through foramen ovale, exits skull through mental foramen
