Lab List Tuesday 6/24/14 Flashcards
sternocleidomastoid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line
insertion: sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium of sternum
clavicular head: superior surface of medial third of clavicle
innervation: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI; motor), C2 and C3 nerves (pain and proprioception)
action: laterally flexes neck to same side and contralaterally rotates neck
Platysma origin, inserion, innervation, action
origin: inferior border of mandible, skin, andsubcutaneous tissue of lower face
insertion: fascia covering superior parts of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
innervation: cervical branch of fascial nerve (CN VII)
action: draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it as in expression of sadness and fright, draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched, indicating tension
Trapezius origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae
Insertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
innervation: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI, motor) and C3, C4 spinal nerves (sensory)
action: elevate, depress, retract scapula and rotate glenoid cavity superiorly
mylohyoid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: mylohyoid line of mandible
insertion: mylohyoid raphe and body of hyoid
innervation: nerve to mylohyoid
action: elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
geniohyoid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: inferior mental spine of mandible
insertion: body of hyoid
innervation: C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
action: pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of mouth, widens pharynx
stylohyiod origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: styloid process of temporal bone
insertion: body of hyoid
innervation: stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
action: elevates and retracts hyoid, elongating floor of mouth
digastric origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: anterior belly: digastric fossa of mandible
posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal bone
insertion: intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hyoid
innervation: anterior belly: nerve to mylohyoid
posterior belly: digastric branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
action: depresses mandible against resistance; elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking
sternohyoid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle
insertion: body of hyoid
innervation: C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
action: depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
omohyoid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: superior border of scapula near suprascapular notch
insertion: inferior border of hyoid
innervation: C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
action: depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid
sternothyroid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: posterior surface of manubrium of sternum
insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
innervation: C2 and C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
action: depresses hyoid and larynx
thyrohyoid origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
insertion: inferior border of body and greater horn of hyoid
innervation: C1 via hypoglossal nerve
action: depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
Occipitofrontalis frontal belly origin, insertion, action
origin: epicranial aponeurosis
insertion: skin and subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows and forehead
action: elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead; protracts scalp (surprise or curiosity)
occipitofrontalis occipital belly origin, insertion, action
origin: lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line
insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
action: retracts scalp; increases effectiveness of frontal belly
orbicularis oculi origin, insertion, action
origin: medial orbital margin; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone
insertion: skin around margin of orbit; superior and inferior tarsi (tarsal plates)
actions: closes eyelids
orbicularis oris origin, insertion, action
origin: medial maxilla and mandible; deep surface of peri-oral skin; angle of mouth
insertion: mucous membrane of lips
action: closes mouth, compresses and protrudes lips, resists distention
Platysma (fascial aspect) origin, insertion, action
(You only really need action for this muscle)
origin: subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular and supraclavicular regions
insertion: base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip, angle of mouth, orbicularis oris
action: depresses mandible against resistance, tenses skin of inferior face and neck (conveying tension and stress)
buccinator (cheek muscle) origin, insertion, action
origin: mandible, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe
insertion: angle of mouth, orbicularis oris
action: presses cheek against molar teeth, works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of oral vestibule, resists distention
Temporalis origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: floor of temporal fossa
insertion: anterior border of ramus of mandible
innervation: anterior trunk of mandibular nerve via deep temporal nerves
action: elevates mandible to close jaws, retraction of mandible
masseter origin, insertion, innervation, action
origin: maxillary process of zygomatic bone and arch
insertion: angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible
innervation: anterior trunk of mandibular nerve via massenteric nerve
Location and function of the hyoid bone
- Angle between the level of the thyroid cartilage and mandible at the level of C3 vertebra
- does not articulate with any other bones: provides a place for muscle attachment and serves as a prop to keep the airway open
What are the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia from superficial to deep and what function do they serve?
- investing layer (most superficial)
- pretracheal (intermediate)
- prevertebral (deepest)
- They allow structures in the neck to pass over one another easily
What structures are within the investing layer of deep cervical fascia?
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius muscles
- submandibular gland
- parotid gland
- this layer surrounds the ENTIRE NECK deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Expansion and contents of the carotid sheath?
- expands from cranial base to the root of the neck
- contents:
- common and internal carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve
- deep cervical lymph nodes
- carotid sinus nerve
- sympathetic nerve fibers
What is the retropharyngeal space?
- permits movement of the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and trachea during swallowing
- is the major pathway for spread of infection
- is enclosed superiorly by base of the cranium and on each side by the carotid sheath
What are the regions of the superficial neck?
- SCM
- posterior cervical
- anterior cervical
- lateral cervical
- these regions are further divided into triangles
What are the suprahyoid muscles of the hyoid? What functions do they serve?
Function: form the floor of the mouth; tongue functions; elevate hyoid and larynx for swallowing and tone production
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
- stylohyoid
- digastric
What are the infrahyoid muscles and what functions do they serve?
Function: “strap” muscles, anchor hyoid, sternum, clavicle, scapula; depress hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speaking; provide firm base for the tongue
- superficial plane:
- sternohyoid
- omohyoid
- deep plane:
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
What main vessels are in the anterior cervical region? Which of these are the major supply to the carotid triangle?
Contents:
- carotid system of arteries (common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid arteries) - internal jugular vein - anterior jugular vein
Main supply: common carotid and external carotid arteries
At what level does the common carotid artery divide? What branches does it divide into?
- divides at the level of the superior thyroid cartilage
- internal and external carotid arteries
Where does the right common carotid artery begin? Where does the left common carotid artery begin?
- Right: bifurcation of brachiocephalic trunk
- Left: arch of aorta
Where is the carotid sinus located and what function does it serve?
Location: dilation at proximal aspect of internal carotid artery near bifurcation of common carotid artery
Function: baroreceptor (pressure receptor) stimulated by increases in arterial blood pressure
What is the function of the carotid body?
chemoreceptor that monitors the level of oxygen in the blood
Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the cranium and what are their main function?
- through carotid canals
- main arterial supply of brain and orbital structures
The external carotid arteries supply most structures external to the cranium. What are the exceptions to this, and what artery instead supplies these structures?
Exceptions: orbit, part of forehead, scalp
Supplied by: supra-orbital artery
In what structure are the external carotid arteries embedded and what two divisions does it make at this structure?
- parotid gland
- divides into maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
Before dividing into the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries, the external carotid artery gives off seven branches. What are these branches in order from bifurcation at the carotid sinus to the temporal bone?
- superior thyroid (some)
- lingual (lady’s)
- facial (fake)
- occipital (orgasms)
- ascending pharyngeal (and)
- posterior auricular (pre)
- maxillary (menopausal)
- superficial temporal (symptoms)
Tributaries of what vein are responsible for draining blood from the brain, anterior face, cervical viscera, and deep muscles of the neck?
Internal jugular vein (usually the largest vein in the neck)
What is the order of the main structures of interest in the carotid sheath from medial to posterior?
medial: internal carotid artery
lateral: internal jugular vein
posterior: vagus nerve
What important structure is located posteriorly to the carotid sheath in the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia?
cervical sympathetic trunk
What two veins meet to form the brachiocephalic VEIN?
- internal jugular vein
- subclavian vein
What nerve innervates the carotid arteries?
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What nerve supplies the skin overlaying the anterior cervical region?
Transverse cervical nerve (C2, C3)
What nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue? In which triangle is it located?
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- submandibular triangle
What are the anterior prevertebral muscles? What structure are they located relative to?
Anterior muscles:
- longus colli
- longus capitis
- rectus capitis anterior
- anterior scalenes
Location: directly posterior to retropharyngeal space
What are the lateral prevertebral muscles? What structure are they located relative to?
- rectus capitis lateralis
- splenius capitis
- levator scapulae
- middle scalenes
- posterior scalenes
Location: lie posterior to subclavian artery
What is the root of the neck? What are its boundaries?
Junctional area between the thorax and the neck
- lateral: 1st pair of ribs
- anterior: manubruim of sternum
- posterior: body of T1 vertebra
What are the contents of the root of the neck?
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left and right subclavian arteries and its tributaries
- external jugular vein
- right and left anterior jugular veins
- subclavian veins
- vagus nerve
- phrenic nerve
- sympathetic trunks
What do the left and right subclavian arteries turn into at the outer margin of the 1st rib?
axillary arteries
The anterior scalene divides the subclavian arteries into three parts. What branches of the subclavian come off each respective part?
Part 1: Medial - Vertebral artery - internal thoracic artery - thyrocervical trunk Part 2: Posterior - costocervical trunk Part 3: Lateral - Dorsal scapular artery
What are the parts of the vertebral artery in the neck? What about the internal thoracic artery?
Parts of vertebral artery:
- cervical
- vertebral
- cranial
- suboccipital
Internal thoracic artery has NO branches in the neck
What branches off of the thyrocervical trunk? What branches do they give off? What do they supply?
- suprascapular artery - muscles of posterior scapula
- cervicodorsal trunk -> dorsal scapular, superficial cervical, and
ascending cervical arteries - lateral upper neck muscles - inferior thyroid artery - visceral structures of neck
Posterior deep cervical structures are supplied by:
deep cervical artery
Dorsal scapular artery supplies:
- levator scapulae
- rhomboids
- scapula
What vein drains the scalp and face?
external jugular vein
What veins unite to form the jugular venous arch?
right and left anterior jugular veins
Viscera of the neck are organized into three layers, named for function. What are they and what organs do they contain?
- endocrine (superficial) layer = thyroid and parathyroid glands
- respiratory (medial) layer = larynx and trachea
- alimentary (deep) layer = pharynx and esophagus
Where are the thyroid glands located? What arteries supply it?
anterior neck deep to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles at level of C5-T1 vertebrae
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Where do the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins drain?
superior and middle thyroid vein drain into internal jugular vein
inferior thyroid veins drain into brachiocephalic vein
Nerve supply to thyroid and parathyroid glands
derived from cervical sympathetic ganglion (vasomotor fibers)
What artery supplies the parathyroid glands?
inferior thyroid arteries
What nerves supply the face?
Sensory: trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Motor: Facial Nerve (CN VII) = facial expression
Motor: mandibular nerve (V3) = muscles of mastication (branch of trigeminal nerve)
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
- opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
- maxillary nerve (CN V2)
- mandibular nerve (CN V3)
What structures does the mandibular nerve supply?
Muscles of mastication, including:
- masseter
- temoral
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
What are the branches that come off of the facial (CN VII) nerve? (What are the facial extracranial branches?)
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccal
- marginal mandibular
- cervical
- posterior auricular nerves
What innervates the scalp?
anterior to auricles = all 3 branches trigeminal nerve
posterior to auricles = spinal cutaneous nerves (C2, C3)
Facial artery
- branch off of external carotid artery
- supplies most of superficial face, sending branches to upper and lower lips and sides of the nose
- terminates as angular artery, which supplies the medial angle of the nose
superficial temporal artery
- smaller terminal branch of external carotid artery (the other is maxillary artery)
- transverse facial artery arises from it, supplying parotid gland and duct, masseter, skin of face
Arterial supply to the scalp:
from external carotid artery: - occipital artery - posterior auricular artery - superficial temporal artery from internal carotid artery: - supratrochlear arteries - supraorbital arteries
Arteries of the scalp supply little blood to the cranium. The cranium is supplied mostly by:
middle meningeal artery
Facial vein
Branches off of and drains directly into the internal jugular vein and drains most of the face
Superficial temporal vein:
- drains directly into and branches off of the internal jugular vein
- drains the forehead and scalp
- enters the parotid gland as retromandibular artery after meeting with maxillary vein
Great auricular nerve (C2, C3)
- branches off of the cervical plexus
- sensory information to the parotid sheath and overlying skin
The parotid gland contains, from superficial to deep:
- parotid plexus of facial nerves (CN VII)
- retromandibular vein
- external carotid artery
Also contains parotid lymph nodes
