Lab List Monday (and some Wednesday) 6/16/14 Flashcards
Gluteus Maximus Insertions (2)
- iliotibial tract (inserting on lateral epicondyle of humerus)
- gluteal tuberosity of femur
Gluteus Maximus Origins (4)
- Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line
- sacrum (dorsal surface)
- coccyx (dorsal surface)
- SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENT
Gluteus Maximus Innervation
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Gluteus Maximus Main Actions (4)
- extends hip joint between flexed and standing positions
- assists lateral rotation
- steadies thigh
- assists in rising from seated position
Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus Origin
Medius: External surface of ilium (between anterior and posterior gluteal lines)
Minimus: External surface of ilium (between anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
Gluteus Medius Insertion
Lateral surface of greater trochanter of the femur
Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, and Tensor Fasciae Latae are all innervated by:
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus Main Actions (2)
- abduct and medially rotate the hip joint
- keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated
Gluteus Minimus Insertion
Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
Tensor Fasciae Latae Origins (2)
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Anterior part of iliac crest
Tensor Fasciae Latae Insertion
Iliotibial tract (which attaches to lateral epicondyle of the tibia (Gerdy Tubercle)
Tensor Fasciae Latae Main Actions (2)
- flexes hip joint
- acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize the extended knee joint
Piriformis Origins (3)
- 2nd-4th sacral segments (anterior surface of)
- greater sciatic notch (superior margin of)
- SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENT
Piriformis Insertion
Greater trochanter of femur (superior border)
Piriformis Innervation
Branches of superior rami of S1, S2
Piriformis, Obturator Internus, Superior and Inferior Gemelli Main Actions (3)
- laterally rotate extended hip joint
- abduct flexed hip joint
- steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)
Obturator Internus Origins (3)
- Ilium (pelvic surface of)
- Ischium (pelvic surface of)
- Obturator membrane
Obturator internus and superior and inferior gemelli insertion
trochanteric fossa of femur (medial surface of greater trochanter)
Obturator internus innervation
nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
Superior and inferior gemelli Origins (2)
- Superior: ischial spine
- Inferior: Ischial tuberosity
Superior and inferior gemelli innervation (2)
- Superior: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
- Inferior: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Quadratus Femoris insertion
Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
Quadratus femoris origin
lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Quadratus femoris innervation
nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
The gluteal tuberosity is located
on the lateral side of the spiral line on the posterior aspect of the femur below the intertrochanteric crest
The linea aspera of the femur is located on the 1 side and leads down to the 2 and 3
1) posterior
2) medial and
3) lateral supracondylar lines
The adductor tubercle is located at the top of the ___
Medial femoral epicondyle
The soleal line is located on the 1 side of the 2 and descends medioinferiorly below the 3 to about a fourth of the way down the bone
1) posterior
2) tibia
3) tibial condyles
Order of weight transfer in the lower body
Vertebral column –> through sacro-iliac joints to pelvic girdle –> hip joints –> femurs –> knee joints –> ankle joint via tibia –> talus
The fibula does not articulate with the 1 and so does not 2
1) femur
2) bear weight
The 1 is the keystone of a 2 formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones of each foot, which 3 between the heel and the forefoot when standing
1) talus
2) longitudinal arch
3_ distribute weight evenly
The intertrochanteric line runs from the 1 on the 2 side of the femur. The intertrochanteric crest is on the 3 side of the femur
1) greater to lesser trochanters
2) anterior
3) posterior
The 1 articulate with the 2 to form the knee joint
1) femoral condyles
2) tibial condyles
The proximal femur is L-shaped due to a bend in the proximal femur. This bend forms the 1 which averages 2 in adults. This angle allows 3 but also 4.
1) angle of inclination
2) 126 degrees
3) greater mobility of the femur at the hip joint
4) imposes strain on the neck of the femur
The 1 is formed by the axis of the head and neck of the femur and the transverse axis of the femoral condyles.
1) angle of torsion (angle of declination)
The torsion angle and the angle of inclination allow rotary movements of the femur head and acetabulum to ______
convert into flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotational movements of the thigh
The tibia is a large, 1 bone that articulates with 2 superiorly, the 3 inferiorly, and the 4 laterally and at its proximal and distal ends
1) weight bearing
2) femoral condyles
3) talus of the foot
4) fibula
The fibula lies 1 to the tibia and serves mostly as 2
1) posterolateral
2) a place for muscle attachment
The 1 is the passageway for structures entering or leaving the pelvis and the 2 is the passageway for structures entering or leaving the perineum
1) greater sciatic foramen
2) lesser sciatic foramen
The gluteal muscles are organized into superficial and deep layers. The superficial layer is made up of the following muscles:
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fascia latae
The deep layer of gluteal muscles includes the following muscles:
- piriformis
- obturator internus
- superior and inferior gamelli
- quadratus femoris
The deep gluteal muscles work to:
laterally rotate and stabilize the hips
Gluteal bursae cushion areas of friction. These are the major ones:
- trochanteric bursa - separate glut max from greater trochanter
- ischial bursa - separates inferior border of glut max from ischial tuberosity
- gluteofemoral bursa - separates iliotibial tract from proximal attachment of vastus lateralis
The posterior thigh muscles include:
- hamstring muscles:
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris (long head)
- short head of biceps femoris
The gluteal region is innervated by 1. The peritoneum is innervated by 2. The posterior thigh muscles are innervated by 3
1) superior and inferior gluteal nerves
2) pudendal nerve
3) sciatic nerve
The sciatic nerve is two nerves combined in the same tissue sheath. These nerves are 1 and 2. The sciatic nerve does not supply the 3.
1) Tibial nerve
2) common fibular nerve
3) gluteal region
The sciatic nerve innervates ______
Posterior thigh muscles, all leg and foot muscles, and the skin of most of the leg and foot
The arteries of the gluteal region arise from 1 and include 2 and 3
1) internal iliac arteries
2) inferior and superior gluteal arteries
3) internal pudendal artery
The internal pudendal artery receives blood from 1, 2, 3, and 4 but does not supply the buttocks
1) inferior gluteal
2) medial circumflex femoral
3) perforating arteries
4) popliteal artery
1 is the chief artery of the thigh and gives off 2
1) profunda femoris artery
2) perforating arteries
For the deeper veins of the leg, many have names that are the same as the 1 of the region and these veins also tend to 2 their respective 2.
1) artery
2) follow in course
The 1 drain blood from the peritoneum; the 2 drain blood from the posterior compartment of the thigh into the 3.
1) pudendal veins
2) perforating veins
3) profunda femoris vein
Lymph of the deep tissues of the gluteal region drain in this order: (1)
Lymph from superficial tissues of the gluteal region drain in this order: (2)
1) gluteal vessels to gluteal lymph nodes –> internal, external, and common iliac lymph nodes –> lumbar lymph nodes
2) enter superficial inguinal lymph nodes –> external iliac nodes
The hip is what type of joint?
multiaxial ball and socket type of synovial joint
The 1 articulates with the 2 of the hip bone to form the hip joint. The depth of the 2 is increased by the 3 and the 4.
1) head of the femur
2) acetabulum
3) acetabular labrum
4) transverse acetabular ligament
The hip joint is reinforced anteriorly and superiorly by the 1, which prevents 2, anteriorly and inferiorly by the 3, which tightens during 4, and posteriorly by the 5, which is 6
1) iliofemoral ligament
2) hyperextension of the hip
3) pubofemoral ligament
4) extension and abduction of the hip joint
5) ischiofemoral ligament
6) weak
The head and neck of the femur and the hip are supplied by 1, which are branches of the 2 which are branches of the 3. There is also a branch off the obturator artery, the 4, also called the “artery to the head of the femur.”
1) retinacular arteries
2) medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
3) profunda femoris artery
4) acetabular branch
The degree of flexion and extension possible at the hip depends on
the position of the knee
What are the limiting structures of flexion at the hip joint?
- soft tissue apposition
- tension of joint capsule posteriorly
- tension of gluteus maximus
What are the limiting structures of extension at the hip joint?
- iliofemoral ligament
- ischiofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
- tension of the iliopsoas
What are the limiting structures of abduction at the hip?
- pubofemoral ligament
- ischiofemoral ligament
- inferior band of iliofemoral ligament
- tension of hip adductors
What are the limiting structures of adduction in the hip joint?
- soft tissue apposition of thigh
- tension of iliotibial band
- joint capsule
- superior band of iliofemoral ligament
- hip abductors
What are the limiting structures of internal rotation of the hip?
- iliofemoral ligament
- posterior joint capsule
- tension of external rotators of hip joint
Limiting structures of external rotation of the hip?
- iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
- anterior joint capsule
The nerve supply to the hip joint is the 1 anteriorly, the 2 inferiorly, the 3 superiorly, and the 4 posteriorly
1) femoral nerve
2) obturator nerve
3) superior gluteal nerve
4) nerve to quadratus femoris
Quadratus femoris main actions (2)
- laterally rotates hip joint
- pulls femoral head into acetabulum to stabilize hip joint
The boundaries of the popliteal fossa are the 1 superolaterally, the 2 superomedially, the 3 inferolaterally, and the 4 inferomedially
1) biceps femoris
2) semimembranosus
3) lateral head of gastrocnemius
4) medial head of gastrocnemius
The roof (posteriorly) of the popliteal fossa is 1. The floor is made up of 2, 3, and 4.
1) skin and popliteal fascia
2) popliteal surface of the femur
3) posterior capsule of the knee joint
4) popliteal fascia over popliteus muscle
The sciatic nerve branches medially into the 1, which branches into the 2 and the 3.
1) tibial nerve
2) medial sural cutaneous nerve
3) sural nerve
The sciatic nerve branches laterally into the 1, which branches into the 2 which then branches into the 3 and the 4 down in the leg
1) common fibular nerve
2) lateral sural cutaneous nerve
3) superficial fibular nerve
4) deep fibular nerve
The communicating sural nerve, a branch off of the 1, joins the medial sural cutaneous nerve of the tibial nerve to create the 2.
1) common fibular nerve
2) sural nerve
Contents of the popliteal fossa:
- termination of the small saphenous vein
- popliteal artery and popliteal vein
- tibial and common fibular nerves
- posterior lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
- fat (lots of it)
The 1 forms a protective covering over the popliteal fossa and is a continuation of the 2. After the popliteal fossa this fascia continues down the leg as the 3.
1) popliteal fascia
2) fascia lata
3) deep fascia of the leg
The popliteal artery begins where the femoral artery passes through the 1. It ends at the inferior border of the popliteus where it divides into the 2 and 3. The popliteal artery gives off five 4 that supply the knee joint and provide 5 during full knee flexion.
1) adductor hiatus
2) anterior and
3) posterior tibial arteries
4) genicular branches
5) collateral circulation
The ___ supply the hamstring, gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles
muscular branches of the popliteal artery
What nerve supplies the skin overlying the popliteal fossa?
The posterior cutaneous nerve (branches off of the sacral plexus)
The sciatic nerve ends at the 1. The 2 is the most superficial of the three main components of the popliteal fossa.
1) superior angle of the popliteal fossa
2) tibial nerve
