Lab Exam 4 Flashcards
The four eras of geological time in order
Cenozoic (youngest)
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian (oldest)
What is a contour line?
an imaginary line on Earth connecting points of equal elevation.
What is a contour interval?
the difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines.
What is a index contour line?
the boldest line when the map is in fifth intervals
5 Important rules regarding contour lines
- When contour lines cross streams, they bend upstream; that is, the contour line will “V” in an upstream direction.
- Closed contours shown as eclipses or circles represent hills.
- Closed contours shown w/ hachures (= short lines pointing down slope) represent a closed depression w/ no outlet.
- Steeps slopes are shown by closely speed contours, gentle slopes by widely spaced contours.
- The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point of a given area is known as the maximum relief.
What is used to defined the distance on a topographic map?
Longitude
What is used to show the latitude on the globe?
Parallels
What is Earth’s rotation?
the earth rotates every 24 hours
What is Earth’s revolution?
the earth rotates every 346.5 days or a year
The Earth is tilted as what degree?
23.5 degree incline
What is summer solstice?
the 24-hour period w/ the longest amount of daylight of the year
What is winter solstice?
the day w/ the shortest amount of daylight of the year
When does the Vernal equinox and Autumnal equinox take place?
March 21 and September 21
the light is as equal as the night during these days
The study if ancient existence is called what?
Paleontology (it’s greek yo)
What are body fossils?
A preserved hard or soft parts of the body on an organism.
Hard Parts- bones, teeth, outer shells, wood, seeds, & leaves
Soft tissues- skin, muscle, hair, feathers, organs, flowers, & cell membranes
What are trace fossils?
Preserved indications or sign of ancient life w/o any body parts.
Behavior- tracks, burrows, nests
Product- coprolites, eggs, gastoliths
Somatic- molds or impressions or casts
Unaltered Preservation of body fossils?
- Burial w/o change- original body of animal
- Freezing- ice-box preservation of original body
- Desiccation- beef-jerky like preservation of original substance.
- Coating/ Impregnation- costed body w/ asphalt or tar
Altered Preservation of body fossils?
- Compression- flattened fossil w/ body parts still present
- Carbonation- all original is removed except carbon that revels a dark black shape
- Replacement- all original is removed and replaced w/ minerals
- Permineralization- hollow spaces are filled with sediment or minerals
- Petrifaction- both replacement and permin that results with petrified wood
- Recrystallization- structure of minerals changed into new stable forms
Behavior Trace fossils preservation?
- Tracks & Trails: fossilized footprints and trails
- Burrows- a hollow space or mold has been made
- Dwellings- underground animals dens or colonies
- Feeding Indications- fossil preserved w/ marks made by activity of its predator
Product Trace fossil preservation?
- Coprolites- feces
- Gastroliths- swallowed stones by an animal. thy’re smooth
- Eggs- only egg shell is preserved
- Amber/ Copal- outside of tree is wounded
Somatic Trace fossils preservation?
- Mold- dead body is buried and surrounding sediments lithify and leave a mold.
- Cast- mold but about it
What is a Steinkern?
(stone cold) german
type of cast that is made like permineralization on a large scale
