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Earth Science ESU > Chapter 5: Running Water and Ground Water > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Running Water and Ground Water Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of the Hydrologic Cycle?

A 
Precipitation
Evaporation
Infiltration
Runoff
Transportation

(this cycle illustates the unending circulation of Earth’s water supply)

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2
Q

What is a Drainage Basin?

A

specific land area that contributes water to a river system

a Divide separates separate drainage basins.

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3
Q

The beginning of water being added to the surface is called what?

A

Streamflow

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4
Q

Stream flow begins as moving what?

A

Sheet wash:
thin surface layer of water
moves down steepest slope
erodes substrate

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5
Q

What creates tiny rill channels when forming streams?

A

sheet wash erosion

Rills the deepen and down cut into channels

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6
Q

The three factors to determine water velocity

A

1) Gradient/ slope of channel (vertical drop of steam over distance)
2) Channel characteristics (shape, size, roughness of channel bed)
3) Stream discharge (volume of water flowing in stream)

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7
Q

What is the Stream Longitudial Profile?

A

Cross-sectional view of stream across landscape.

It is a smooth curve.

Gradient decreases from the head to the mouth.

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8
Q

The two factors that increase downstream?

A

Discharge- volume of water in stream increases

Channel size- width changes from narrow to wide

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9
Q

The two factors that decrease downstream?

A

Gradient (slope)- channel becomes less steep

Channel roughness- channel smooths out

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10
Q

When the sediment is deposited in the opposite bank, it is called what?

A

point bar

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11
Q

When fast water erodes one stream bank is called what?

A

cut bank

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12
Q

The most common natural hazard _____.

A

Floods

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13
Q

Three causes to flooding?

A

1) Weather.
heavy rainfall/ rapid snow melt/ several days of rain

2) Human interference.
interference w/ stream system

3) Ground too dry to adsorb participation.
runs over land instead of infiltrating/ can result in flash flooding

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14
Q

Missouri and Mississippi Rivers near St. Louis facts

A

*Regional flooding last for 70 days!
*50 people died
*Property loss was over $27 billion
Normal Stage: 1988
Flood Stage: 1993

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15
Q

Big Thompson River Flood of 1976, Estes Park, Colorado facts

A
  • Within 4 hrs 12 inches fell
  • Rock and soil stripped away and added to the flow
  • Wall of water was 20 ft deep in 30 min
  • Houses, bridges, roads, and people vanished.
  • At least 144 peoples died
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16
Q

The two efforts of flood control?

A

1) Engineering efforts to reduce flooding

2) Non-structural approach through sound floodplain management

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17
Q

The engineering efforts to reduce flooding?

A

Artificial Levees: earthen mounds built on river banks to increase the volume of water the channel can hold

Flood-control Dams: built to store floodwater and then let it out slowly

Channelization” altering stream channel in order to spread the flow of water to prevent from reaching flood height

18
Q

What is one flood-controlled dam?

A

Hoover Dam

built in 1931 - 1936

19
Q

What running water “work” streams involves what?

A

1) Erosion

2) Transportation

20
Q

What is running water stream load?

A

An amount of transported material carried by the stream

21
Q

Three types of stream load?

A

1) Dissolved load: ions from weathering of minerals
2) Suspended load: fine particles (slit or clay) in the flow
3) Bed load: larger particles roll, slide, and bounce along stream bed

22
Q

Transportation - Depositional features include…

A

Deltas- exist at mouth of stream that enters ocean or lake. Form when sediment from a stream, drops out due to lock of water velocity.

Natural Levees- form parallel to the stream channel due to flooding along stream bank.

23
Q

What are stream deposited sediments?

A

Deposits are known as alluvium

They are well-sorted deposits

24
Q

Sediment deposition is caused by what?

A

A decrease in velocity

25
Q

The lowest point to which a stream can erode, is what?

A

Base level

26
Q

Two types of base levels?

A

1) Ultimate base level- refers to sea level

2) Local base level- a lake, river, ect; this stream base level is temporary

27
Q

The changing of the base level of a stream causes what to happen?

A

A readjustment of a stream:

results in either the deposition of sediment OR erosion of bedrock

28
Q

Valley sides are shaped by the process of what?

A

A) Weathering
B) Overland steam flow
C) Mass wasting -landslides, slumps, ect

29
Q

The characteristics of a narrow stream valley

A

V-shaped
Always down-cutting towards base level
Features: rapids and waterfalls

30
Q

The characteristics of a wide stream valley?

A

Downward eroison is less dominants
Stream energy directed from side to side Floodplain develops and grows wider with age
Features: meanders, cutoffs, and oxbow lakes

31
Q

Groundwater:

Zone of Aeration

A

unsaturated zone

pore spaces are filled mainly with air

32
Q

Groundwater:

Zone of Saturation

A

All pore spaces in the sediment are filled with water.

33
Q

What is a water table?

A

the upper limit of the zone of saturation.

AKA the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones.

34
Q

What is Porosity?

A

Percentage of pore spaces in a sediment

Determines possible storage of groundwater

35
Q

What is Permeability?

A

Ability of sediment to transmit water through connected pore spaces.

Aquitard- an impermeable layer of material

Aquifer- a permeable layer of material that can move through sand/gravel

36
Q

Two features that are associated with groundwater?

A

1) Wells
- pumping of groundwater can draw down water table. pumping can cause “cone of depression” is groundwater is removed too quickly than it can be recharged.
2) Artesian Wells
- water in well rises high that initial groundwater so it will flow out freely. No pumping required!

37
Q

What is a geological role and what does is produce?

A

An erosional agent, groundwater dissolves soluble rock and produces…
A) Sinkholes
B) Caverns

38
Q

A void underground, usually created from the dissolution of bedrock, causes the surface to sink, is called what?

A

A Sinkhole

39
Q

What is a Cavern?

A

Caves originally formed within the zone of saturation.

They are formed by dissolving rock beneath Earth’s surface

40
Q

What is the geologic work of groundwater?

A
  1. Groundwater is often acidic
  2. It contains carbonic acids (H2CO3)
  3. It dissolves the calcite in limestone
41
Q

Common cave features include what?

A

Stalactites- hang down
Stalagmites- grow upward
Columns- stalactites and stalagmites have grown together

Earth Science ESU (24 decks)

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