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Earth Science ESU > Chapter 8: Earthquakes and Earth's Interior > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Earthquakes and Earth's Interior Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Earthquake?

A

ground shaking caused by a rapid release of energy inside the Earth due to tectonic stresses that cause rocks to break suddenly along fault lines

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2
Q

When a fault slips, energy is released and travels outwards causing what?

A

A seismic wave

EX: waves created when a pebble is dropped into a pond

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3
Q

What is a a Focus of a seismic wave?

A

The point inside the Earth on fault where earthquakes are originated

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4
Q

What is a Epicenter of a seismic wave?

A

The point on the Earth’s surface that is directly above the Focus

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5
Q

Types of Earthquake faults

A

Normal fault (downward)
Reverse fault (upward)
Left-lateral fault
Right-lateral fault

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6
Q

Foot wall &

Hanging wall

A

Foot wall– the part of the fault you can climb up.

Hanging wall– the part of the fault that looks like it is “hooked” onto the foot wall.

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7
Q

Earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

A

a) Magnitude of 7.0
b) killing 24% of population
c) left-lateral strike-slip fault
d) 4:53 pm, Jan. 12, 2010
e) 52 aftershocks

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8
Q

Great San Francisco Earthquake

A

a) 7. 8 magnitude
b) April 18, 1906
c) problem– fires breaking out from candles/stoves knocking ove

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9
Q

What geology professor headed the commission at UC- Berkeley?

A

Andrew Lawson

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10
Q

Elastic Rebound Theory

A

bent rocks straightened with a sudden snap.
EX: rubber band or a a yard stick being bent or stretched.
(San Andreas Fault of 1906)

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11
Q

Causes of Earthquakes:

Stress

A

the force imposed on a rock

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12
Q

Causes of Earthquakes:

Strain

A

a change in the shape of a rock, in response to the stress it is undergoing.

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13
Q

Rocks under low stress cause what?

A

Deform elastically under low stress.

Revert to former shape when stress is removed

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14
Q

Rocks under high stress cause what?

A

Deform plastically under high stress.

Permanently change shape of flow

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15
Q

What is a fault?

A

fractures in the crust along which rocks on one side move past rocks on the either side; this movement can be either vertical or horizontal.

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16
Q

Faults are mostly located where?

A

along the plate boundaries.

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17
Q

Types of Earthquake waves

A

Body waves
p-wave s-wave
Surface waves
l-wave r-wave

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18
Q

What is a body wave and it’s secondary waves?

A

They travel through the body of the earth.

Primary wave- compressional motion (push-pull) feels like a sudden jolt. EX: slinky

Secondary wave- Shear motion (side to side). More destructive than P-waves.

19
Q

What is a surface wave?

A

they only travel along the surface, NOT through the Earth

20
Q

What waves are the slowest and most destructive?

A 
Love waves (back and fourth)
Rayleigh waves (ripples on a pond)
21
Q

What is a Seismograph?

A

They record the ground shaking of the earthquake waves on a seismograph

22
Q

How do we locate earthquakes?

A
  1. Use the time interval between p-wave and s-wave.
  2. Arrival time of p-waves and s-waves indicate distance, NOT direction of the Earthquake.
  3. Wave arrival time needed from at least 3 stations to pinpoint location of earthquake use for triangulation of epicenter.
23
Q

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

A

Reflects the subjective observations of how strongly people feel shaking and the severity of damage.

  1. Strongest happening: near the epicenter OR where ground conditions favor strong ground shaking.
24
Q

What earthquake was the first one to be seen on live television?

A

Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1989 (6.9) at the world series game

25
Q

Richter Magnitude Scale was based on what?

A

the maximum amplitude of earthquake waves measured on a seismograph.

26
Q

Intraplate Earthquakes are those that occur when?

A

Within the tectonic plates, not at the tectonic plate boundaries.

27
Q

The Reelfoot Rift

A

was a failed rift zone that has since filled in with Mississippi River embayment sediments so faults along the New Madrid are deeply buried.

28
Q

Secondary ground effects from earthquakes often trigger and cause what?

A

Landslides and Liquefaction

29
Q

Secondary ground effects from Earthquakes: Tsunami

A

Japanese name for harbor wave; also called a ‘seismic sea wave’
(sometimes called tidal waves, not not related to tides)

30
Q

How are Tsunami’s created?

A

By Earthquakes when a slab of the ocean floor is suddenly thrust upwards along the fault line.
(They can also be caused by large landslides)

31
Q

A Thrust or Reverse fault causes the ocean floor to do what?

A

Causes the overlaying water to suddenly shift upwards and outwards.

32
Q

Subduction Zones are what type of boundary?

A

They are the most dangerous and damaging.

33
Q

Earthquakes and faults are associated with what?

A

Plate boundries

34
Q

The Indian Ocean Tsunami

A

Swept Away tourists in Phuket, Thailand
Dec. 26, 2004.
Less than 2 hrs after EQ, a giant wave surged inland

35
Q

Riprap

A

Works by absorbing and deflecting the energy of waves before they reach the defended structure.

36
Q

Pacific Ocean Tsunami

A

March 11, 2011 (9.0)
Coast of Japan
10-meter high waves
Wave attack within 10 min of EQ

37
Q

Types of damage earthquakes cause…

A

Structures breaking

Tsunamis

38
Q

What is Seismic Retrofitting?

A

The X structure on building that allows the building to be more stable.

39
Q

Trans-Alaskan oil Pipeline

A

prevent damage from and EQ’s shaking by putting the pipeline of rollers.
Built on Denali Transform Fault

40
Q

Travel times of P-waves and S-waves vary through Earth depending on?

A

the properties of the materials though which the waves are traveling

41
Q

S-waves travel only through solids because?

A

It is the primary indicator that the outer core is liquid since the S-waves will not travel through this layer

42
Q

P-waves travel though both solid and liquid but?

A

they refract as they go though liquid

43
Q

Shadow zones

A

Absence of p-waves from 105 degrees to 140 degrees around the globe after an EQ
Absence of S-waves from 105 degrees to 105 degrees around the globe.

Earth Science ESU (24 decks)

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