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Earth Science ESU > Chapter 3: Rocks > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Kansas contains what type of rocks?

A

Limestone and shake

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2
Q

What is a rock?

A

aggregates of one or more minerals that make of the Lithosphere

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3
Q

What are rocks classified ‘mode of origin’ groups called?

A

1) Igneous
2) Sedimentary
3) Metamorphic

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4
Q

Rocks are named based on their what?

A

Texture & Mineral content

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5
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Rocks which form as magma cools and crystallize into a solid state.
Works its way up through the earths layers to the
surface.

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6
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Can be formed on beaches or places with sand.
Weathering and erosion of rocks to the earth’s surface
(Deposition, Burial, & Lithification)

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7
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

A change from one to another.
Rocks under high pressure & temperature in deep crust and upper mantle.
(Recrystallization into solid state of a mineral)

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8
Q

Intrusive rocks

A

Igneous rocks that cool under the ground

platonic rocks

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9
Q

Magma

A

molten rocks located beneath the ground surface

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10
Q

Extrusive rocks

A

Igneous rocks that form at above ground surface

volcanic rocks

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11
Q

Lava

A

molten rock on surface that has lost most of its gaseous component (water vapor)

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12
Q

Crystallization

A

the formation and growth of a crystalline solid from a liquid or gas

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13
Q

The crystal size and texture of a rock is determined by what?

A

The rate of cooling

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14
Q

The slow cooling of a rock causes the crystals to be what size?

A

slow cooling = large crystals

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15
Q

The fast cooling of a rock causes the crystals to be what size?

A

fast cooling = small crystals

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16
Q

A very fast cooling rock causes what to happen?

A

The rock forms to be like glass.
No mineral crystals are present because they had no time to nucleate and grow.
(volcanic glass)

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17
Q

The classification of an Igneous rock is based off what?

A

the rocks texture and mineral composition

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18
Q

The four types of Igneous rock textures

A
  1. Aphanitic (fine grained) - fast cooling rate
  2. Paneritic (course-grained) - slow cooling rate
  3. Porphyritic (two crystal sizes) - cools slowly, but
    brought away from heat can fasten up the process
  4. Glassy (no visible crystals) - very fast rate of cooling
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19
Q

Bowens reaction series

A

Shows the order of mineral crystallization in a cooling melt

20
Q

Mafic

A

dark minerals crystallize in high temperatures

21
Q

Felsic

A

light minerals that crystallize in cooler temperatures

22
Q

Magmatic differentiation

A

the process of generating more than 1 type of rock from a single magma

23
Q

Granitic Rocks

A

composed almost entirely of light -colored silicates along with a few dark silicates interspersed

24
Q

Granitic Rocks are referred to as what?

Give one example.

A

Felsic

EX: granite

25
Q

Basaltic Rocks

A

contain substantial dark- colored silicate minerals and calcium- rich plagioclase feldspar

26
Q

Basaltic Rocks are referred to as what?

Give one example.

A

Mafic

EX: basalt

27
Q

Other compositional groups of naming Igneous rocks

A

Andesitic and Ultramafic

28
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

formed from the weathering products of pre-existing rocks and sediment that have been transported, cemented, and lithified into NEW rocks.

29
Q

Sedimentary rocks can be used to look back on Earth’s history. Why?

A

Provides clues on past environments.
Rocks often contain fossils
Provides information about sediment transport by water,
wind, ice, ect

30
Q

Features of Sedimentary Rocks

A

they are composed of strata, or beds, bedding planes, and fossils

31
Q

The formation of sedimentary rocks

A

a) weathering
b) transport (erosion)
c) deposition
d) lithification

32
Q

Sedimentary rocks:

weathering

A

the disintegration and decomposition of a rock near the surface
(chemical or physical weathering)

33
Q

Sedimentary rocks:

Transport (erosion)

A

movement of sediment downslope (gravity, water, wind, and ice)

34
Q

Sedimentary rocks:

Deposition

A

sediment laid down in layers

35
Q

Sedimentary rocks:

Lithification

A

transportation of sed. to rocks.

a) compaction
b) cementation

36
Q

Two classifications for Sedimentary rocks

A
  1. Detrital rocks

2. Chemical rocks

37
Q

What are Detrital rocks?

Provide an example.

A

rocks composed of individual sediment grains that are lithified together..
EX: shale, sandstone, and breccia.

38
Q

What are chemical rocks?

Provide an example.

A

derived from material that was once in solution and precipitates to form sediment.
EX: limestone, quartz, evaporites, and bituminous coal.

39
Q

What is an evaporite?

A

Rock salt

40
Q

Metamorphism

A

the alteration of rock from one form to another

41
Q

Low-grade metamorphism

A

only slightly changed, the original rock still distinguishable
EX: shale to slate

42
Q

High-grade metamorphism

A

transformation so complete that the identity of the original rock cannot be easily determined.
EX: shale to gnesis

43
Q

The three agents to metamorphic rocks

A

Heat
Pressure
chemically active fluids

44
Q

metamorphic agent:

Heat

A

MOST IMPORTANT AGENT. provides energy to drive chemical reactions that recrystallize minerals

45
Q

metamorphic agent:

Pressure

A

compact rocks and increase with depth can be associated with vertical or horizontal pressure

46
Q

metamorphic agent:

Chemically active fluids

A

groundwater acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions; minerals can be altered

47
Q

Metamorphism occurs most often when…

A

during mountain building called regional metamorphism

Earth Science ESU (24 decks)

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