Lab Ex 4

Question 1

Centrosome / Centrioles

Answer 1

an area of the cell next to the nucleus where the centrioles normally live when the cell is not undergoing mitosis.

Question 2

Chromatin

Answer 2

a central player in gene regulation, controlling whether specific genes are turned on (expressed) or off (silenced).

Question 3

Cytosol

Answer 3

the fluid matrix within a cell, providing a medium for various cellular processes like protein synthesis, glycolysis (the first stage of cellular respiration), and signal transduction to occur;

Question 4

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Answer 4

a cellular organelle primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins destined for secretion from the cell

Question 5

Smooth ER

Answer 5

cellular organelle primarily responsible for synthesizing lipids (like cholesterol and phospholipids), metabolizing carbohydrates, storing calcium ions, and detoxifying certain substances, particularly in liver cells; it is identified by its lack of ribosomes on its surface, appearing as a smooth, tubular network compared to the ribosome-studded Rough ER.

Question 6

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 6

cell organelle primarily responsible for processing, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), modifying them by adding sugars (glycosylation), and then directing them to their final destination within the cell, whether it be secretion outside the cell, to the lysosome, or to the plasma membrane

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

a membrane-bound organelle within a cell that functions as the cell’s “waste disposal system” by containing digestive enzymes which break down waste materials, worn-out cell parts, and foreign substances taken in from outside the cell, essentially acting as the cell’s digestive system

Question 8

Microvilli

Answer 8

tiny, finger-like projections on the surface of certain epithelial cells that primarily function to significantly increase the cell’s surface area, allowing for more efficient absorption of substances like nutrients in the small intestine

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

their primary function is to generate energy in the form of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 10

Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, acting as a barrier to protect the genetic material (DNA) within the nucleus while also regulating the movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm through specialized channels called nuclear pore complexes;

Question 11

Nuclear Pores

Answer 11

a protein-lined channel within the nuclear envelope that selectively regulates the movement of molecules like proteins and RNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell, essentially acting as a gatekeeper to control what enters and exits the nucleus

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

primarily responsible for producing and assembling ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein synthesis

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

functions as the “control center” of a cell, housing the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and regulating vital cellular processes like DNA replication, transcription (RNA synthesis), and ultimately, protein production

Question 14

Plasma Membrane

Answer 14

protective barrier that surrounds a cell, selectively allowing certain molecules to pass in and out while maintaining the cell’s internal environment

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis

Question 16

Peroxisomes

Answer 16

small, membrane-bound organelles primarily responsible for carrying out oxidative reactions, breaking down specific fatty acids, and detoxifying harmful substances within the cell by producing and then breaking down hydrogen peroxide

Question 17

Basement membrane

Answer 17

s a thin, specialized extracellular matrix layer that primarily provides structural support and acts as a barrier between different tissues, particularly underlying epithelial and endothelial cells, while also playing a crucial role in cell signaling, adhesion, migration, and tissue development

Question 18

Basal Surface

Answer 18

provide structural support and facilitate the selective movement of substances between the epithelium and the underlying tissue by acting as a barrier and filter

Question 19

Apical surface

Answer 19

to facilitate absorption, secretion, and movement of substances across the epithelial barrier

Question 20

Simple Columnar epithelium

Answer 20

primarily for absorption and secretion

Question 21

Connective tissue

Answer 21

primarily to support and connect different tissues and organs within the body, providing structural framework, protection, and facilitating the movement of nutrients and waste products