Ch 8 Pt 2

Question 1

endosteum

Answer 1

an incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity

contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

Question 2

diploë

Answer 2

“double”; the spongy bone found in the flat bone of the skull

Question 3

nutrient foramen

Answer 3

where the nutrient artery and vein as well as nerves enter and exit the bone.

Question 4

bone marrow

Answer 4

soft CT of bone that includes red and yellow types

Question 5

red bone marrow

Answer 5

myeloid tissue; hemopoietic and contains reticular CT, immature blood cells, and fat

Question 6

yellow bone marrow

Answer 6

what red bone marrow converts to typically during the maturing process and arrives by adulthood; a fatty substance

Question 7

anemia

Answer 7

a condition in which erythrocyte numbers are lower than normal causing the body to not be oxygenated properly; may trigger yellow bone marrow to return to red so that it may produce more blood cells for the body

Question 8

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 8

stem cells derived from mesehchyme; during division, another is produced as well as a committed osteoblast cell

Question 9

osteoblasts

Answer 9

formed from ostoeprogenitor stem cells; are cuboidal in shape; often positioned side by side on bone surfaces; have abundant rough ER and Golgi apparatus

Question 10

osteoid

Answer 10

initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix; composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins (organic) and salt proteins that are primarily calcium phosphate (inorganic).

Question 11

osteocytes

Answer 11

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability; maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

Question 12

osteoclasts

Answer 12

large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells. exhibit a ruffled border where they contact bone; involved in bone resorption

Question 13

bone formation

Answer 13

when osteoblasts secrete the initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix called osteoid

Question 14

calcification (mineralization)

Answer 14

occurs to the osteoid when hydroxyapatite crystals deposit on the matrix

Question 15

bone resorption

Answer 15

a process whereby bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts into the extracellular space adjacent to the bone. proteolytic enzymes chemically digest the organic components of the matrix, while HCl dissolves the mineral portions

Question 16

central (Haversian) canal

Answer 16

cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon and runs parallel to it contains the blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone

Question 17

concentric lamellae

Answer 17

rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon; contain collagen fibers

Question 18

lacunae

Answer 18

small spaces that each house an osteocyte

Question 19

canaliculi

Answer 19

tiny, interconnecting channels within the bone connective tissue that extend from each lacuna

Question 20

perforating (Volkmann) canals

Answer 20

contain blood vessels and nerves; run perpendicular to the central canal and helps connect multiple central canals within different osteons

Question 21

circumferential lamallae

Answer 21

rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or endosteum of the bone

Question 22

interstitial lamallae

Answer 22

either the components of compact bone that are between osteons or leftover from partially resorbed osteons

Question 23

trabeculae

Answer 23

open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bone found in spongy bone

Question 24

interstitial growth

Answer 24

occurs within the internal regions of cartilage

Question 25

appositional growth

Answer 25

an increase in width along the cartilage’s outside edge or periphery