Lab Chapters 1,2,3 Flashcards
what is an adaption
can be a physical feature of the body or a behaviour or a genetic feature that is selected for because it has greater fitness (traits)
what is recombination
the mixing of genes through sex
- meiosis
fitness
the # of offspring a individual produces compared to the other individuals in the population
what is the 3 criteria that evolution by NS must follow
- heritability
- variation within population
- the trait variability needs to have some advantage - higher fitness than others
what is a scientific hypothesis
a answer to a question about the natural world
they must be tested and supported with reasoning and explaination
viability selection
adaptation for viability - adaptations for survival
- camouflage, feeding (mouthparts), locomotion and water abilities (floating on water)
what is secondary sexual characteristics
sexual characteristics other than testes and ovaries
- scent, courtship dances, etc
= sexual dimorphism - preference in a size or shape determined by the female
what is intrasexual compeition
males fight with males for access to females to mate
- males have horns, tusks, weapons
- a key mechanism of sexual selection
what is the mate choice
- another mechanism of sexual selection
- when the female chooses a male because it meets her preference
- the males that get picked = favoured and increased fitness
what is a complete metamorphosis
butterflies change in body form, behaviour and lifestyle
larvae –> pupa –> adult
what is acclimation
altercation of a phenotype
- occurs in individuals that can modify their phenotype in response to changes in the environment
phenotypic plasticity
when an individual can alter the expression of a phenotypic trait in response to the environment = plasticity for a single trait
- can be discrete (when it is needed) or in a continuum (continuously expressed = reaction norm)
what is a limitation in phenotypic plasticity
the accuracy that an organism can correctly process environmental cues to properly acclimate
what can lead to the selection for plasticity in a trait
heterozygous environments that change frequently
- an individual that has more than one phenotype Is more likely to acclimate to the changing conditions
what is stridulation
common in jagged ambush bugs
- creating sound by rubbing together 2 body parts
- courtship behaviour
- they spend most of their time on flowers
what is a stereo microscope
provided 3d image
- less mag
what are the types of species interactions
positive: benefit from the interaction
negative: no benefit
what is mutualism
interactions in which both species benefit from each other
explain tolerance in terms of plant resistance
a plant’s ability to reduce the effects of herbivory on fitness
- using defence against herbivores
what is phenology
the study of life cycles of plant and animals in relation to seasonal changes
what are trichomes
prickles to trap herbivores
- prevents the bugs or species that eat plants from eating them
what are constitutive defences
defences that are costly to make
- only produced when needed
induced defences
defences that are produced or increases in concentration in the event of damage by a herbivore
- a chemical is in charge of sending the response
scientific method
a tool used to achieve high standards of research
- humans are prone to biases and expectations
this method = logical
steps to scientific methods
- observing
- asking a question
- hypothesis
- testing hypothesis
- collecting and analyzing data from experiment
- creating a conclusion
hypothesis
a clearly stated explanation for observations
- a good hypothesis is testable
what is a null hypothesis
the opposite of the hypothesis
- “the factor I am interested in does not affect the observed results”
“fabric softener does not affect the cleanliness of my clothes”
experimental manipulations
using an artificial manipulation to investigate the relationship between one factor and another
what is correlational studies
using natural variation to investigate the relationship between one factor and another
independent variable
the factor that is being changed or manipulated in the study
- the amount of water u give a plant
dependant variable
the factor that you cant control
- it is affected by the independent variable
what is a control in an experiment
an experiment manipulation that can be compared to your other investigations
- a blank
- smoking effect, the control is a healthy human to compare
what are confounding variables
factors that the researchers failed to control or eliminate which can damage the validity of an experiment
controlled variables
variables that are held constant
- the amount of sunlight given to both plants while they receive different amounts of water
