Lab 4 and 5 Flashcards
why is genetic variation necessary
it is necessary for the evolution of adaptation by NS
T/F closer distance between 2 populations means more gene flow
true
easier for species to migrate
T/F increasing gene flow means increased heterozygosity
false
homozygosity
T/F humans encourage gene flow
true
travel, dispersal
what does genetic drift do to variation
on small populations, when genetic drift occurs via bottleneck or founders, it can remove species from a population and their alleles
overall it decreases the variation of those in small populations
why is Mendelian methods not good enough to measure genetic variation
he categorized based on phenotypic characteristics
too time-consuming to wait for the next generations
too many gene loci that code for the same phenotype
protein electrophoresis
Specifically used to analyze and separate proteins based on properties like size, charge, or shape.
gel electrophoresis
A broader technique separates molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins through a gel matrix.
- some AA chains are charged and u can detect a mutation if it acts differently when its charged, or moves at a different rate
what are the 3 gel types
cellulose acetate
starch
polyacrylamide
agarose
T/F enzymes must be the same size only to compare different results in gel electrophoresis
false
they must be the same size, shape and enzyme to be compared
allozymes
Allozymes are different forms of an enzyme that are encoded by different alleles at the same genetic locus. They typically perform the same biological function but may have slight variations in their amino acid sequences, which can lead to differences in properties like charge, stability, or activity
monomeric enzyme
produces one polypeptide chain which is a fully functional protein
dimer
an enzyme whose structure is a dimer - a single polypeptide chain is produced by each allele
- they remain inactive until they form dimers
what are some ways of calculating genetic variation
- polymorphism - the proportion of loci examined that show evidence of more than one allele
- heterozygosity - determining the freq of heterozygotes and finding an average
- Hardy Weinberg
how do u quantify the degree of genetic differentiation between populations?
- genetic identity - which is finding the amount of genes that are identical within 2 pops
- genetic distance - which estimates the accumulated number of gene differences per locus that have occurred over time
- both depend solely on allele frequencies
quagga mussels
- asymmetrical ventral line
- rounder to shape
- bigger
zebra mussels
sits flat on the side
symmetrical
triangular shape
colour pattern
explain the results of the quagga and zebra mussels
quagga = all FF
zebra = some SS and some FS
- the situation was at Hardy Weinberg - and we accept the null hypothesis (no significant difference from external forces)
taxonomy
the theory and practice of ordering the diversity of life using a classification system
KPCOFGS
systematics
the study of the diversity of organisms
phylogenetic systematics
method of reconstructing evolutionary relationship - relationships between different groups of organisms by common ancestors
assumptions: evolution occurs, single phylogeny of life from a descent, characters are passed from generation to generation
steps to constructing a phylogenetic tree
identifies the homologous characters
code from ancestral or derived
group by shared derived characters to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis
homoplasy
if a character evolves more than once but not in their recent common ancestor
- comes from convergent evolution
-
types of characters
a character may be passed on from an ancestor to its descendant either unmodified or in a modified form = character state
a modified character = derived - found in one taxon
or it can be found in multiple taxons as a shared derived character
binary character
characters that are either present (1) or not present (0)
qualitative data
things u can see
hair colour, easy to group things
quantitative data
numerical data
Discrete: whole units can be counted or measured
continuous decimals or fractional numbers
independent variable
a variable that is not affected by the other variables like time
plotted on the x-axis
dependent variable
variable that is measured in the experiment
plotted on the y axis
interpolation
a line of best fit to predict values that u do not have actual data points for
extrapolation
the process of extending the line of best fit to get projections for the future
what is the criteria for Hardy Weinberg
- the population is large enough
- no gene flow - no migration
- reproduction is random
- no mutation
- NS is not favouring a certain phenotype
founders effect
when some individuals are gone and have a loss of species the remaining can start another species with the leftover alleles
bottleneck effect
populations that are large, are reduced dramatically in size, with fewer alleles, fewer individuals
- wild animals, overhunting, habitat destruction
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
a virus that causes AIDS
virus evolves rapidly - important to know where they come from
where did HIV come from
hunters hypothesis
- human hunters came into contact with the SIV and developed a strain called HIV
- zoonotic transmission - animal to human
what criteria is there for a virus to be zoonotic transmission
- similarities in the genome organization of the two viruses
- ways to come into contact
- occur in the same geographic location
- phylogenetically closely related
- The virus is widespread in the wild host
How did scientists know that the virus is widespread in the wild host
collected stool samples of those in the same area and noticed that SIV is prevalent in the wild P. troglodytes
- found that HIV-N and HIV-M are more closely related to SIV strains then they are to themselves - they arose from 2 separate zoonotic transmissions with separate geographic areas
what do the results of the stool tests for HIV show
they support the Hunter hypothesis
- can help bring knowledge on the origin of HIV and how to treat It and find a cure
which HIV-1 lineage is responsible for the majority of infections
HIV-M
