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BIO120 > Lab 4 and 5 > Flashcards

Lab 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

why is genetic variation necessary

A

it is necessary for the evolution of adaptation by NS

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2
Q

T/F closer distance between 2 populations means more gene flow

A

true
easier for species to migrate

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3
Q

T/F increasing gene flow means increased heterozygosity

A

false
homozygosity

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4
Q

T/F humans encourage gene flow

A

true
travel, dispersal

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5
Q

what does genetic drift do to variation

A

on small populations, when genetic drift occurs via bottleneck or founders, it can remove species from a population and their alleles
overall it decreases the variation of those in small populations

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6
Q

why is Mendelian methods not good enough to measure genetic variation

A

he categorized based on phenotypic characteristics
too time-consuming to wait for the next generations
too many gene loci that code for the same phenotype

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7
Q

protein electrophoresis

A

Specifically used to analyze and separate proteins based on properties like size, charge, or shape.

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8
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

A broader technique separates molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins through a gel matrix.
- some AA chains are charged and u can detect a mutation if it acts differently when its charged, or moves at a different rate

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9
Q

what are the 3 gel types

A

cellulose acetate
starch
polyacrylamide
agarose

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10
Q

T/F enzymes must be the same size only to compare different results in gel electrophoresis

A

false
they must be the same size, shape and enzyme to be compared

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11
Q

allozymes

A

Allozymes are different forms of an enzyme that are encoded by different alleles at the same genetic locus. They typically perform the same biological function but may have slight variations in their amino acid sequences, which can lead to differences in properties like charge, stability, or activity

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12
Q

monomeric enzyme

A

produces one polypeptide chain which is a fully functional protein

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13
Q

dimer

A

an enzyme whose structure is a dimer - a single polypeptide chain is produced by each allele
- they remain inactive until they form dimers

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14
Q

what are some ways of calculating genetic variation

A
  • polymorphism - the proportion of loci examined that show evidence of more than one allele
  • heterozygosity - determining the freq of heterozygotes and finding an average
  • Hardy Weinberg
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15
Q

how do u quantify the degree of genetic differentiation between populations?

A
  • genetic identity - which is finding the amount of genes that are identical within 2 pops
  • genetic distance - which estimates the accumulated number of gene differences per locus that have occurred over time
  • both depend solely on allele frequencies
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16
Q

quagga mussels

A
  • asymmetrical ventral line
  • rounder to shape
  • bigger
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17
Q

zebra mussels

A

sits flat on the side
symmetrical
triangular shape
colour pattern

18
Q

explain the results of the quagga and zebra mussels

A

quagga = all FF
zebra = some SS and some FS
- the situation was at Hardy Weinberg - and we accept the null hypothesis (no significant difference from external forces)

19
Q

taxonomy

A

the theory and practice of ordering the diversity of life using a classification system
KPCOFGS

20
Q

systematics

A

the study of the diversity of organisms

21
Q

phylogenetic systematics

A

method of reconstructing evolutionary relationship - relationships between different groups of organisms by common ancestors
assumptions: evolution occurs, single phylogeny of life from a descent, characters are passed from generation to generation

22
Q

steps to constructing a phylogenetic tree

A

identifies the homologous characters
code from ancestral or derived
group by shared derived characters to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis

23
Q

homoplasy

A

if a character evolves more than once but not in their recent common ancestor
- comes from convergent evolution
-

24
Q

types of characters

A

a character may be passed on from an ancestor to its descendant either unmodified or in a modified form = character state
a modified character = derived - found in one taxon
or it can be found in multiple taxons as a shared derived character

25
Q

binary character

A

characters that are either present (1) or not present (0)

26
Q

qualitative data

A

things u can see
hair colour, easy to group things

27
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical data
Discrete: whole units can be counted or measured
continuous decimals or fractional numbers

28
Q

independent variable

A

a variable that is not affected by the other variables like time
plotted on the x-axis

29
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is measured in the experiment
plotted on the y axis

30
Q

interpolation

A

a line of best fit to predict values that u do not have actual data points for

31
Q

extrapolation

A

the process of extending the line of best fit to get projections for the future

32
Q

what is the criteria for Hardy Weinberg

A
  1. the population is large enough
  2. no gene flow - no migration
  3. reproduction is random
  4. no mutation
  5. NS is not favouring a certain phenotype
33
Q

founders effect

A

when some individuals are gone and have a loss of species the remaining can start another species with the leftover alleles

34
Q

bottleneck effect

A

populations that are large, are reduced dramatically in size, with fewer alleles, fewer individuals
- wild animals, overhunting, habitat destruction

35
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus
a virus that causes AIDS
virus evolves rapidly - important to know where they come from

36
Q

where did HIV come from

A

hunters hypothesis
- human hunters came into contact with the SIV and developed a strain called HIV
- zoonotic transmission - animal to human

37
Q

what criteria is there for a virus to be zoonotic transmission

A
  1. similarities in the genome organization of the two viruses
  2. ways to come into contact
  3. occur in the same geographic location
  4. phylogenetically closely related
  5. The virus is widespread in the wild host
38
Q

How did scientists know that the virus is widespread in the wild host

A

collected stool samples of those in the same area and noticed that SIV is prevalent in the wild P. troglodytes
- found that HIV-N and HIV-M are more closely related to SIV strains then they are to themselves - they arose from 2 separate zoonotic transmissions with separate geographic areas

39
Q

what do the results of the stool tests for HIV show

A

they support the Hunter hypothesis
- can help bring knowledge on the origin of HIV and how to treat It and find a cure

40
Q

which HIV-1 lineage is responsible for the majority of infections

A

HIV-M

BIO120 (29 decks)

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