Lab 9. Vibrio Flashcards
Vibrio
- Habitat, morphology, staining, culture
Habitat
- Water, intestine, quatic animals
Morphology
- 1.5-3 um curved rod
- flagella: 1 polar flagellum
Staining: Gram negative
Culture:
- not fastidious
- facultative anaerobic
- selective culture: pH 8.6
Vibrio
- Biochemistry, pathogenicity, species
Biochemistry:
- catalase +, oxidase +/-, fermentative
Pathogenicity:
- pathogens - facultative pathogens - saprophytes
Species:
- V. cholerea
- V. metschnikovii
- V. parahaemolyticus: human medicine
- V. vulnificus: Human medicine
- V. (Listonella) anguillarum: Fish pathogen
Vibrio
- V. cholerae
Types
O1: (Cholera toxin = similar to toxin of E.coli and similar effect. The enterocyte excrete water into the gut, insted of absorption = diarrhea)
- classical biotype
- EL Tor biotype
O139 (V. cholerae Bengal): can produce the toxin (cholerea) but produces the diarrhea)
- Virulence factors (O1, O139)
–> exotoxins (cholera toxins), resembles E.coli LT toxin
–> extrazellular enzymes
- Pathogenicyt (O1, O139): human cholera
Other O-types:
- do not produce toxin
- sporadic diarrhea
Vibrio:
- V. metschnikovii
“looks like seaguls”
Habitat:
- water, sewage, aquatic animals
Biochemistry:
- oxidase -
- curved rods, remain attached after divition
Pathogenicity:
- poultry haemorrhagic enteritis
- human septicaemia
Vibrio
- V. parahaemolyticus
- sea, sea animals (found in raw seafood eg. sushi)
- virulence factor: thermo stabile haemolysin
- food born infection in humans:
–> gastroenteritis, septicaemia, fever, haemorrhagic enteritis
Vibrio
- V. vulnificus, V. (Listonella) anguillarum
V. vulnificus:
- sea, marine animals
- human wound infection, septicaemia
V. (Listonella) anguillarum:
- Sea
- Salmon, eel: septicaemia (bacteria present on the surface of the fishes)
Campylobacter
- Habitat, morphology, staining
Habitat:
- mucous membrane (genitals, oral cavity, intestine)
- food (can cause food born infection)
Morphology:
- 2-5 um curved rods
- S-forms, spiral filaments
- flagella
Staining: Gram negative
Campylobacter
- Culture
- Fastidious: yeast extract, organic acids
- Optimal temperature:
–> 37*C (C. fetus)
–> 42*C (thermophiles, C. jejuni, C. coli)
- Microaerophilic: 6% O2, 10% CO2, 84% N2 (very typical gas mixture they need)
- Selective culture:
–> vancomycin - polymyxin - trimethoprim - cycloheximide
- Can be cultured in semisolid media: the bacteria is growing under the surface in the form of a ring in the test tube
Campylobacter
- Biochemistry, Antigens, resistance
Biochemistry:
- Catalase +/- (The catalase +: pathogenic, the catalase -: saprophytic)
- oxidase +
- no carbohydrate utilisation
- biochemical characteristics: differentiation of species, subspecies
Antigens:
- Cell wall antigens
–> C. fetus: O1 and O2
–> C. jejuni/C. coli: 66 serogroups
Resistance:
- weak (if they are protected from dehydration they can survive)
- susceptible to oxygen: can be toxic when exposed to air
Campylobacter:
-Pathogenicity
Facultative pathogens: catalase +
- C. fetus subsp. fetus
- C. fetus subsp. venerealis
- C. jejuni/C.coli
- C. hepaticus
- C. lari
- C. ureolyticus
Saprophytes: catalase -
- C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis
- C. sputorum
Campylobacter
- species
C. fetus subsp. fetus:
- Sheep (cattle) abortion
- mammals, birds enteritis
C. fetus subsp. venerealis:
- cattle abortion, infertility
C. jejuni/C. coli: (important human pathogen: zoonotic!)
- present in the gut
- Sheep, goat (cattle): abortion, mastitis
- dog, cat, poultry, rabbit: enteritis
C. hepaticus:
- campylobacter-hepatitis poultry
C. lari:
- wild living birds gut
- pathogenicity like C.jejuni/C. coli
C. ureolyticus:
- mares: vaginitis, metritis
C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis:
- swine intestine, saprophytes
C. sputorum:
- mucous membranes, saprophytes
Lawsonia
- habitat, morphology, staining, culture, pathogenicity
Lawsonia intracellularis
Habitat:
- swine, foal enterocytes
- intra cellular
Morphology:
- curved thin rods, flagella
Staining: Gram negative
Culture:
- obligate intracellular bacterium
- cultured in enterocyte cell line (need tissue to be cultured!)
- microaerophilic
Pathogenicity:
- swine proliferative enteropathies
Helicobacter
- Habitat, morphology, staining
Habitat
- mammals, humans
- mucous membrane (stomach, duoedenum)
Morphology
- 1.5-5 um curved rod, helical
Staining: Gram negative
Helicobacter
- culture, biochemistry, resistance
Culture:
- microaerophilic
- fastidious (blood, amino acids)
biochemistry:
- Catalase +, oxidase +, urease +
- carbohydrates not utilised
- cytotoxin (H.pylori)
Resistance: low
Helicobacter
- pathogenicity, species
H. pylori:
- toxin production
- human chronic gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcer, tumour (unique!)
H. felis:
- cat, dog chronic gastritis
H. canis:
- dog chronic gastritis
H. acinonychis:
- cheetah chronic gastritis
H. suis:
- gastritis, ulcer
Arcobacter
- habitat, morphology, staining, culture
Habitat:
- mucous membranes (genitals, intestine)
Morphology:
- 1.3 um corved rods, flagella
Staining: Gram negative
Culture:
- fastidious (blood agar)
- microaerophilic –> aerotolerant
Arcobacter
- Pathogenicity
A. cryaerophilus
- cattle, swine faeces
- abortion, mastitis
A. skirrowii
- faeces
- prepuce (bull)
- abortion: cow, pig, sheep
A. butzleri
- human, apes enteritis
- abortion: cattle
Spirochaetes
- habitat, morphology
Habitat:
- mucous membranes, environment
- arthropods
Morphology:
- 3-30 um thin helical filaments
- special cell structure:
–> mucopeptide
–> periplasmic flagella (axial filaments: protein tubes): movement
–> elastic membrane
Spirochaetes
- staining
Bacteriological staining:
- gram negative
- staining of some species is difficult
- Vágó staining
- Giemsa staining
Unstained preparations:
- india ink
- wet preparations (dark field or phase contrast microscope)
Histological staining:
- Levaditi´s silver impregnation
Spirochaetes
- culture, resisitance
Culture of some species is difficult or not possible
Culture is possible:
- Brachyspira, Leptospira
- Borrelia: limited
- certain Treponema species
Culture is NOT possible:
- pathogenic Treponema species
- animal trial
Resistance: low
Genera of the Order Spirochaetales
- Borrelia
- Brachyspira (Serpulina)
- Treponema
- Leptospira
Borrelia
- habitat, morphology,
Habitat:
- infected animals: rodents, arthropods
- natural focal infection (means the infection is circulating btw the infected host and the arthropods)
- mainly in tropical and subtropical countries
Morphology:
- 3-20 um, 15-20 peripasmic flagella, irregular
Borrelia
- species
B. anserina:
- avian-borreliosis (avian spirochaetosis)
B. theileri
- horse, cattle, borreliosis, (vector ticks), tropics
B. burgodorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii
- Lyme-borreliosis (zoonosis)
B. recurrentis, B. hispanica, B. caucasica
- human tick-born relapsing fever
Borrelia
- B. anserina
Water fowl and hens
Staining:
- fuschin, giemsa
- unstained
Culture:
- difficult culture
- fastidious (protein haemoglobin)
- embrynoated egg
Resistance: Low
Pathogenicity:
- avian borreliosis (vectors: ticks, acari)
Borrelia
- B. burgdorgeri, B. afzelii, B. garinii
Staining.
- Giemsa
- unstained
Culture:
- difficult culture
- fastidious
Pathogenicity:
- natural hosts: small rodents
- Lyme disease: human, dogs, horse, cattle
Brachyspira (Serpulina)
- habitat, morphology, staining, culture
Habitat:
- swine large intestine
Morphology:
- 7-9 um helical rods
Staining:
- Fuchsin, Giemsa
- unstained
Culture:
- obligate anaerobic (strick anaerobic!)
- fastidious
Brachyspira (Serpulina)
- species
- B. hyodysenteriae
- B. pilosicoli
- B. intermedia
- B. innocens
- B. alvinipulli
Brachyspira (Serpulina)
- B. hyodysenteriae
Habitat:
- Pig: gut
- Mouse, rat, dog (temporarly)
Morphology:
- can be stained (gram)
- unstained: movement
Culture:
- fastidious
- selective isolation:
–> spectinomycin - polymyxin - vancomycin
- B-hemolysis: hemolysin is a virulence factor)
Antigens: 11 serogroups
Resistance: Low
- faeces: 1week - 2months
Pathogenicity:
- facultative pathogenic
- swine dysentery (diarrhea. mucoid. survives in the faeces)
Brachyspira (Serpulina)
- B. innocens, B. pilosicoli
B. innocens:
- saprophyte (main difference compared to B. hyodysenteriae)
- weak hemolysis
- biochemical differences
B. pilosicoli: gut of pigs
- weak hemolysis
- swine intestinal spirochaetosis
- avian intestinal spirochaetosis
B. intermedia:
- weak haemolysis
- swine diarrhea
B. alvinipulli
- poultry intestinal spirochaetosis (diarrhea)
Treponema
- habitat, staining, culture, pathogenicity
Habitat:
- infected animals, humans, mucous membranes (oral cavity, genitals)
Staining:
- pathogenic species cannot be stained, or staining is poor
Culture:
- pathogenic species cannot be cultured (maintaines only inoculated in lab animals)
Pathogenicity:
- T. pallidium: human syphilis
- T. paraluiscuniculi: rabbit syphilis
- T. denticola, T.parvum: human oral cavity (local inflammation)
Leptospria:
- habitat, morphology, staining
Habitat:
- infected animals (pathogens)
- environment, water (saprophytes)
Morphology:
- 6-20 um helical rods
- closed winding (below the resolving power of microscope)
- hooked
- active movement
Staining:
- difficult staining
- unstained examination
- Vágó- staining
- Levaditis silver impregnation (in diagnostic work, it is a pathological staining)
Leptospria
- culture, biochemistry, resistance
Culture:
- aerobic, 28-30 *C
- nutrients (free fatty acids, inorganic N, vitamins)
- Korthof-medium (growth culture - it works as a buffer)
- EMJH medium (leptospira grows in a ring in the test tube), other media
- animal trial
- embryonated egg
Biochemistry:
- demands: free fatty acids, inorganic N
- small amount of end products
- fructose -6-PO4
Resistance: weak
- in low metaolism: they do not bother the host
- in wet conditions with pH above neutral, they can survive
Leptospira
- groups
complex taxonomy
21 species:
- pathogen: 9 species
–> L. interrogans
–> L. borgpeterseni
–> L. kirschneri
- saprophytes: 7 species
- intermediate: 5 species
Serovariants (serovar)
- agents of the disease
Serogroups
- related serovars = cross reaction
Species
Leptospira
- maintainance and incidental hosts
Leptospira
- pathogenicity
