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Bacteriology > Lab 9. Vibrio > Flashcards

Lab 9. Vibrio Flashcards

1
Q

Vibrio

  • Habitat, morphology, staining, culture
A

Habitat

  • Water, intestine, quatic animals

Morphology

  • 1.5-3 um curved rod
  • flagella: 1 polar flagellum

Staining: Gram negative

Culture:

  • not fastidious
  • facultative anaerobic
  • selective culture: pH 8.6
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2
Q

Vibrio

  • Biochemistry, pathogenicity, species
A

Biochemistry:

  • catalase +, oxidase +/-, fermentative

Pathogenicity:

  • pathogens - facultative pathogens - saprophytes

Species:

  • V. cholerea
  • V. metschnikovii
  • V. parahaemolyticus: human medicine
  • V. vulnificus: Human medicine
  • V. (Listonella) anguillarum: Fish pathogen
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3
Q

Vibrio

  • V. cholerae
A

Types

O1: (Cholera toxin = similar to toxin of E.coli and similar effect. The enterocyte excrete water into the gut, insted of absorption = diarrhea)

  • classical biotype
  • EL Tor biotype

O139 (V. cholerae Bengal): can produce the toxin (cholerea) but produces the diarrhea)

  • Virulence factors (O1, O139)

–> exotoxins (cholera toxins), resembles E.coli LT toxin

–> extrazellular enzymes

  • Pathogenicyt (O1, O139): human cholera

Other O-types:

  • do not produce toxin
  • sporadic diarrhea
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4
Q

Vibrio:

  • V. metschnikovii
A

“looks like seaguls”

Habitat:

  • water, sewage, aquatic animals

Biochemistry:

  • oxidase -
  • curved rods, remain attached after divition

Pathogenicity:

  • poultry haemorrhagic enteritis
  • human septicaemia
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5
Q

Vibrio

  • V. parahaemolyticus
A
  • sea, sea animals (found in raw seafood eg. sushi)
  • virulence factor: thermo stabile haemolysin
  • food born infection in humans:

–> gastroenteritis, septicaemia, fever, haemorrhagic enteritis

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6
Q

Vibrio

  • V. vulnificus, V. (Listonella) anguillarum
A

V. vulnificus:

  • sea, marine animals
  • human wound infection, septicaemia

V. (Listonella) anguillarum:

  • Sea
  • Salmon, eel: septicaemia (bacteria present on the surface of the fishes)
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7
Q

Campylobacter

  • Habitat, morphology, staining
A

Habitat:

  • mucous membrane (genitals, oral cavity, intestine)
  • food (can cause food born infection)

Morphology:

  • 2-5 um curved rods
  • S-forms, spiral filaments
  • flagella

Staining: Gram negative

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8
Q

Campylobacter

  • Culture
A
  • Fastidious: yeast extract, organic acids
  • Optimal temperature:

–> 37*C (C. fetus)

–> 42*C (thermophiles, C. jejuni, C. coli)

  • Microaerophilic: 6% O2, 10% CO2, 84% N2 (very typical gas mixture they need)
  • Selective culture:

–> vancomycin - polymyxin - trimethoprim - cycloheximide

  • Can be cultured in semisolid media: the bacteria is growing under the surface in the form of a ring in the test tube
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9
Q

Campylobacter

  • Biochemistry, Antigens, resistance
A

Biochemistry:

  • Catalase +/- (The catalase +: pathogenic, the catalase -: saprophytic)
  • oxidase +
  • no carbohydrate utilisation
  • biochemical characteristics: differentiation of species, subspecies

Antigens:

  • Cell wall antigens

–> C. fetus: O1 and O2

–> C. jejuni/C. coli: 66 serogroups

Resistance:

  • weak (if they are protected from dehydration they can survive)
  • susceptible to oxygen: can be toxic when exposed to air
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10
Q

Campylobacter:

-Pathogenicity

A

Facultative pathogens: catalase +

  • C. fetus subsp. fetus
  • C. fetus subsp. venerealis
  • C. jejuni/C.coli
  • C. hepaticus
  • C. lari
  • C. ureolyticus

Saprophytes: catalase -

  • C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis
  • C. sputorum
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11
Q

Campylobacter

  • species
A

C. fetus subsp. fetus:

  • Sheep (cattle) abortion
  • mammals, birds enteritis

C. fetus subsp. venerealis:

  • cattle abortion, infertility

C. jejuni/C. coli: (important human pathogen: zoonotic!)

  • present in the gut
  • Sheep, goat (cattle): abortion, mastitis
  • dog, cat, poultry, rabbit: enteritis

C. hepaticus:

  • campylobacter-hepatitis poultry

C. lari:

  • wild living birds gut
  • pathogenicity like C.jejuni/C. coli

C. ureolyticus:

  • mares: vaginitis, metritis

C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis:

  • swine intestine, saprophytes

C. sputorum:

  • mucous membranes, saprophytes
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12
Q

Lawsonia

  • habitat, morphology, staining, culture, pathogenicity
A

Lawsonia intracellularis

Habitat:

  • swine, foal enterocytes
  • intra cellular

Morphology:

  • curved thin rods, flagella

Staining: Gram negative

Culture:

  • obligate intracellular bacterium
  • cultured in enterocyte cell line (need tissue to be cultured!)
  • microaerophilic

Pathogenicity:

  • swine proliferative enteropathies
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13
Q

Helicobacter

  • Habitat, morphology, staining
A

Habitat

  • mammals, humans
  • mucous membrane (stomach, duoedenum)

Morphology

  • 1.5-5 um curved rod, helical

Staining: Gram negative

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14
Q

Helicobacter

  • culture, biochemistry, resistance
A

Culture:

  • microaerophilic
  • fastidious (blood, amino acids)

biochemistry:

  • Catalase +, oxidase +, urease +
  • carbohydrates not utilised
  • cytotoxin (H.pylori)

Resistance: low

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15
Q

Helicobacter

  • pathogenicity, species
A

H. pylori:

  • toxin production
  • human chronic gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcer, tumour (unique!)

H. felis:

  • cat, dog chronic gastritis

H. canis:

  • dog chronic gastritis

H. acinonychis:

  • cheetah chronic gastritis

H. suis:

  • gastritis, ulcer
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16
Q

Arcobacter

  • habitat, morphology, staining, culture
A

Habitat:

  • mucous membranes (genitals, intestine)

Morphology:

  • 1.3 um corved rods, flagella

Staining: Gram negative

Culture:

  • fastidious (blood agar)
  • microaerophilic –> aerotolerant
17
Q

Arcobacter

  • Pathogenicity
A

A. cryaerophilus

  • cattle, swine faeces
  • abortion, mastitis

A. skirrowii

  • faeces
  • prepuce (bull)
  • abortion: cow, pig, sheep

A. butzleri

  • human, apes enteritis
  • abortion: cattle
18
Q

Spirochaetes

  • habitat, morphology
A

Habitat:

  • mucous membranes, environment
  • arthropods

Morphology:

  • 3-30 um thin helical filaments
  • special cell structure:

–> mucopeptide

–> periplasmic flagella (axial filaments: protein tubes): movement

–> elastic membrane

19
Q

Spirochaetes

  • staining
A

Bacteriological staining:

  • gram negative
  • staining of some species is difficult
  • Vágó staining
  • Giemsa staining

Unstained preparations:

  • india ink
  • wet preparations (dark field or phase contrast microscope)

Histological staining:

  • Levaditi´s silver impregnation
20
Q

Spirochaetes

  • culture, resisitance
A

Culture of some species is difficult or not possible

Culture is possible:

  • Brachyspira, Leptospira
  • Borrelia: limited
  • certain Treponema species

Culture is NOT possible:

  • pathogenic Treponema species
  • animal trial

Resistance: low

21
Q

Genera of the Order Spirochaetales

A
  • Borrelia
  • Brachyspira (Serpulina)
  • Treponema
  • Leptospira
22
Q

Borrelia

  • habitat, morphology,
A

Habitat:

  • infected animals: rodents, arthropods
  • natural focal infection (means the infection is circulating btw the infected host and the arthropods)
  • mainly in tropical and subtropical countries

Morphology:

  • 3-20 um, 15-20 peripasmic flagella, irregular
23
Q

Borrelia

  • species
A

B. anserina:

  • avian-borreliosis (avian spirochaetosis)

B. theileri

  • horse, cattle, borreliosis, (vector ticks), tropics

B. burgodorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii

  • Lyme-borreliosis (zoonosis)

B. recurrentis, B. hispanica, B. caucasica

  • human tick-born relapsing fever
24
Q

Borrelia

  • B. anserina
A

Water fowl and hens

Staining:

  • fuschin, giemsa
  • unstained

Culture:

  • difficult culture
  • fastidious (protein haemoglobin)
  • embrynoated egg

Resistance: Low

Pathogenicity:

  • avian borreliosis (vectors: ticks, acari)
25
Q

Borrelia

  • B. burgdorgeri, B. afzelii, B. garinii
A

Staining.

  • Giemsa
  • unstained

Culture:

  • difficult culture
  • fastidious

Pathogenicity:

  • natural hosts: small rodents
  • Lyme disease: human, dogs, horse, cattle
26
Q

Brachyspira (Serpulina)

  • habitat, morphology, staining, culture
A

Habitat:

  • swine large intestine

Morphology:

  • 7-9 um helical rods

Staining:

  • Fuchsin, Giemsa
  • unstained

Culture:

  • obligate anaerobic (strick anaerobic!)
  • fastidious
27
Q

Brachyspira (Serpulina)

  • species
A
  • B. hyodysenteriae
  • B. pilosicoli
  • B. intermedia
  • B. innocens
  • B. alvinipulli
28
Q

Brachyspira (Serpulina)

  • B. hyodysenteriae
A

Habitat:

  • Pig: gut
  • Mouse, rat, dog (temporarly)

Morphology:

  • can be stained (gram)
  • unstained: movement

Culture:

  • fastidious
  • selective isolation:

–> spectinomycin - polymyxin - vancomycin

  • B-hemolysis: hemolysin is a virulence factor)

Antigens: 11 serogroups

Resistance: Low

  • faeces: 1week - 2months

Pathogenicity:

  • facultative pathogenic
  • swine dysentery (diarrhea. mucoid. survives in the faeces)
29
Q

Brachyspira (Serpulina)

  • B. innocens, B. pilosicoli
A

B. innocens:

  • saprophyte (main difference compared to B. hyodysenteriae)
  • weak hemolysis
  • biochemical differences

B. pilosicoli: gut of pigs

  • weak hemolysis
  • swine intestinal spirochaetosis
  • avian intestinal spirochaetosis

B. intermedia:

  • weak haemolysis
  • swine diarrhea

B. alvinipulli

  • poultry intestinal spirochaetosis (diarrhea)
30
Q

Treponema

  • habitat, staining, culture, pathogenicity
A

Habitat:

  • infected animals, humans, mucous membranes (oral cavity, genitals)

Staining:

  • pathogenic species cannot be stained, or staining is poor

Culture:

  • pathogenic species cannot be cultured (maintaines only inoculated in lab animals)

Pathogenicity:

  • T. pallidium: human syphilis
  • T. paraluiscuniculi: rabbit syphilis
  • T. denticola, T.parvum: human oral cavity (local inflammation)
31
Q

Leptospria:

  • habitat, morphology, staining
A

Habitat:

  • infected animals (pathogens)
  • environment, water (saprophytes)

Morphology:

  • 6-20 um helical rods
  • closed winding (below the resolving power of microscope)
  • hooked
  • active movement

Staining:

  • difficult staining
  • unstained examination
  • Vágó- staining
  • Levaditis silver impregnation (in diagnostic work, it is a pathological staining)
32
Q

Leptospria

  • culture, biochemistry, resistance
A

Culture:

  • aerobic, 28-30 *C
  • nutrients (free fatty acids, inorganic N, vitamins)
  • Korthof-medium (growth culture - it works as a buffer)
  • EMJH medium (leptospira grows in a ring in the test tube), other media
  • animal trial
  • embryonated egg

Biochemistry:

  • demands: free fatty acids, inorganic N
  • small amount of end products
  • fructose -6-PO4

Resistance: weak

  • in low metaolism: they do not bother the host
  • in wet conditions with pH above neutral, they can survive
33
Q

Leptospira

  • groups
A

complex taxonomy

21 species:

  • pathogen: 9 species

–> L. interrogans

–> L. borgpeterseni

–> L. kirschneri

  • saprophytes: 7 species
  • intermediate: 5 species

Serovariants (serovar)

  • agents of the disease

Serogroups

  • related serovars = cross reaction

Species

34
Q

Leptospira

  • maintainance and incidental hosts
A
35
Q

Leptospira

  • pathogenicity
A
36
Q
A

Bacteriology (10 decks)

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