Lab 4 Flashcards
Mycobacterium:
- Habitat
- Morphology
Habitat:
- Infected host –> obligate pathogens
- Enviroment –> facultative pathogens, saprophytes. Soil, water, plants. Good resistance, survives in the soil.
Morphology:
- rods, coccoid, branching filaments
- cell structure –> cell wall peptidoglycan
–> mycolic acids, lipids + waxes (lipid content of the cell wall makes the bacterium very resistant), surface proteins = virulence factors.
- species differences
Mycobacterium:
- staining
- Gram positive (can not be stained with typical Gram + staining because of the lipid layer, Crystal Violet will not get through the cell wall)
- Ziehl-neelsen positive
–> fuchin: binds to lipids
–> acid and alcohol fast
- fluorescence dyes
Mycobacterium:
- Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Mycobacterium:
- culture
- slow replication time –> selective isolation
- Obligate aerobic
- Broth (synthetic media, no serum, no blood)
–> Henley, Sauton (cord formation)
- Solid:
–> Egg (Kertai, Dorset, Petragnani), serum agar, glycerine potato.
- Selective:
–> Petragnani (malachite green), Inoculation after acid or alkaline treatment (will kill all the other bacteria except the mycobacterium)
- M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis needs mycobactin
- animal trial (guinea pig, rabbit, pigeon)
- incubation tie, growth characteristics (species differences)
Mycobacterium:
- Cultural differences, tabell
Mycobacterium:
- Biochemistry
- Antigens
Biochemistry:
- (Catalase -?) not examined in diagnostic work
Antigens:
- Glycolipids, lipoproteins
- several shared antigens (present in different species) –> cross reactions
- close relationship of antigens
- immuno-electrophoresis - Tuberculin
- Old tuberculin: inoculated in the animal –> if positive = reaction
- –> broth culture, boiled, filtered, concentrated
- PPD (Purified Protein Derivate)
- –> Trichloroacetic acid percipitation: proteins will be percipitated –> proteins used for diagnostics.
- antigen extract: diagnosis
Mycobacterium:
- resistance
- pathogenicity
Resistance:
- Excellent!
Pathogenicity:
- obligate pathogens: tuberculosis, paratuberculosis
- facultative pathogens (atypical): mycobacteriosis
- Saprophytes: can not cause disease
Mycobacterium:
- species
Allocation into species:
- morphology
- culture
- biochemistry
- genome structure: 16S rRNA
- pathogenicity
Genogroups (complexes):
- M. tuberculosis-complex
- M. avium-complex
- M.leprae, M.lepraemurium
Mycobacterium:
- M. tuberculosis complex
Mycobacterium:
- pathogenic mycobacteria
Mycobacterium:
- M. laprae, M.lepraemurium
Mycobacterium:
- Facultative pathogens (atypical)
Nocardia:
- Habitat
- Morphology
- Staining
Habitat:
- soil
Morphology:
- long, branced filaments, rods
- cell wall: mycolic acids
Staining:
- gram +
- irregular staining
- slightly acid fast (with Ziehl Neelsen we can se acid resistance)
Nocardia:
- culture
- obligate aerobic
- carotenoid pigment is produced (yellow, red, pink)
- aerial filaments
- replication: framentation of filaments
Nocardia:
- pathogenicity
- Facultative pathogens
- local lesions (wounds are sometimes needed)
- N. asteroides:
–> Cattle: chronic suppuration, skin, subcutaneous, mastitis
–> Dog: generalised nocardiosis
Actinomycetaceae:
- family
Genera:
- actinomyces
- trueperella
- actinobaculum
Actinomycetaceae (Actinomyces, Trueperella, Actinobaculum):
- habitat
- morphology
- staining
Habitat:
- mucous membranes
Morphology: (similar to Mycobacterium)
- heterogenous morphology: rods, curved rods, filaments
Staining:
- Gram +
Actinomycetaceae (Actinomyces, Trueperella, Actinobaculum):
- culture
- pathogenicity
Culture:
- fastidiouss (need good media): blood agar
- oxygen: anaerobic, microaerophilic, facultative anaerobic
- haemolysis (in some species)
Pathogenicity:
- facultative pathogens
Actinomyces:
- habitat
- morphology
- culture
Habitat:
- mucous membranes (oral cavity, alimentary tract, genitals)
Morphology:
- rods, filaments, sulphur granules
Culture:
- anaerobic (aerotolerant)
- blood agar
Actinomyces:
- species
Trueperella (arcanobacterium):
- Habitat
- Morphology
- culture
Habitat:
- mucous membranes (oropharyngeal cavity)
Morphology:
- curved rods, coryneform
Culture:
- blood agar, serum agar
- haemolysis (B-hemolysis)
- protein demand
Trueperella (arcanobacterium):
- Species
T. (Arcanobacterium, Corynebacterium) pyogenes:
- toxin (haemolysis)
- local suppuration (lesions):
–> mastitis, metritis, arthritis, pneumonia, navel infection
Actinobaculum:
- habitat
- culture
- pathogenicity
A. (Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Actinomyces) sius:
Habitat:
- Preputial mucosa of boars (Unique!)
Culture:
- anaerobic
- blood agar
Pathogenicity:
- purulent cystitis
- pyelonephritis
Dermatophilus:
- Habitat
- Morphology
- Staining
D. congolensis
Habitat:
- soil, skin
Morphology:
- Coccoid (infective form )–> filaments (will be segmented)
Staining:
- Gram +
Dermatophilus:
- culture
- biochemistry
Culture:
- aerobic
- fastidious: blood agar
- propagation:
–> flagellated coccus (zoospora)
–> filaments - branching - growth
–> transverse and longitudinal divisions - segments
–> zoospora
Biochemistry (they need proteins):
- proteolytic, proteases (needed to decompose proteins. They can damage the skin) = virulence factors
- poorly saccharolytic
Dermatophilus:
- pathogenicity
- exudative dermatitis:
- sheep, cattle, human –> mainly ruminants
Streptomyces:
- habitat
- morphology
- staining
- species
They are not fastidious! They can produce a wide range of Antibiotics! They have a special “soil-smell”
Habitat:
- soil
Morphology:
- large, branched filaments
Staining:
- Gram +
Species:
- S. griseius: streptomycin
- S. fradiae: neomycin
- S. rimosus: oxytetracyclin
- S. venezuelae: chloramphenicol
Corynebacterium:
- habitat
- morphology
Habitat:
- muvous membranes, skin, milk, soil (saphorphytes), can be found in plants.
Morphology:
- polymorphism, pleomorphism: middle sized rods, coccoid rods, curved rod, coryneform
- single, palisade (=wall), chinese letters (=criss-cross connected to eachother)
- metachromatic granules (can find granules in the rods)
Corynebacterium:
- staining
- Gram +
- sometimes not uniforms staining
- slightly acid-fast
- metachromatic granules
Corynebacterium:
- culture
- blood agar
- weak growth on nutrient agar
- haemolysis (sometimes with delay) - Beta-hemolysis
- different colony morphology
Corynebacterium:
- biochemistry
- antigens
- resistance
Biochemistry:
- catalase +, oxidase -, fermentative
- toxin: C.diphtheriae (bacteriophage encodes= not coded by the bacteria itself, but by the bacteriophage), C.pseudotuberculosis.
Antigens:
- complex
Resistance:
- average
Corynebacterium:
- pathogenicity
- species
Pathogenicity:
- local suppuration: lymphadenitits, lymphangitis
- arthirtis, metritis, mastitis
Species:
- C. diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. renale, C. pilosum, C.cystitidis, C. bovis, C. kutscheri
Corynebacterium:
- Diphtheriae
- strains infected with temperate bacteriophage
–> toxin production, diphtery, vaccination
- strains not infected with temperate bacteriphage
–> pharyngitis, endocarditis
Corynebacterium:
- c. pseudotuberculosis
- polymorphism, fimbria
- haemolysis
- virulence factors:
–> exotoxin: phospholipase-D
–> lipoids in the cell wall
- Nitrate-negative biotype: Sheep, goat
–> pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitits), abortion, arthritis
- Nitrate-positivev biotype: horse
–> equine ulcerative lymphangitis (inflammation of lymphatic vessels)
Corynebacterium:
- Species (except c. diphtheriae and c. pseudotuberculosis)
C. renale:
- fibria
- cattle, horse, swine: pyelonephritis, cystitis
C.pilosum:
- cattle cystitis, pyelonephritis
C. cystitidis:
- cattle haemorrhagic cystitis
C. bovis:
- udder, milk, mastitis, abortion
C. kutscheri:
- rodents
Rhodococcus
- Habitat
- Morhphology
- Staining
R. equi
Habitat:
- soil, plant, gut (horse)
Morphology:
- Coccus-rod cycle
- capsule (big drop-like colonies)
Staining:
- Gram + (Pink-ish)
- some acid-fast (Lipoids in the cell wall –> pink ish)
Rhodococcus
- Culture
- simple: Nutrient Agar, Nutrient Broth
- pigment (pink)
- capsule
Rhodococcus
- Pathogenicity
- Intra cellular pathogen (can survive intrcellularly because of the special Proteins Vap A and Vap B)
- Foal: pneumonia, abscesses in lungs, inflammation of gut wall
- Horse: inflammation of gut wall
- Cattle, swine: Mesentheric lymph nodes, abscesses. (you dont see clinical signs! only post mortem changes)
- Human: pneumonia (immunosuppression, AIDS)
Renibacterium:
- Habitat
- Morphology
- Staining
Renibacterium salmonarium
Habitat:.
- water, fish
Morphology:
- 1-1.5 um rods, short chains. (small-medium size)
Staining:
- Gram +
Renibacterium:
- Culture
- Pathogenicity
Culture:
- aerobic
- 15-18 *C (remember cold water for fishes!)
- fastodious: Cystein and Serum needed
Pathogenicity:
- obligate pathogenic, intra cellular
- salmon, trout: abscesses in kidneys and other organs
