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Lab 10. Mycoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

Chlamydia

  • general features
A

Bacterium or virus?

  • both types of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)
  • replication with binary fission
  • cell wall
  • metabolic enzymes
  • susceptibility to anitbiotics
  • obligate intracellular bacteria (propagata in the vacuoles of the cytoplasm of the host cell)
  • propagation cycle is unique (–> elementary body - reticulate body)
  • unable to produce ATP (energy-parasites)
  • peptidoglycane layer is missing from the cell wall, but they have genus-specific LPS
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2
Q

Chlamydia

  • habitat, morphology
A

Habitat:

  • mucous membranes (gut, respiratory tract) (persistent-subclinical infection)

Morphology:

  • 0.2-0.4 um coccoid rod
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3
Q

Chlamydia

  • staining
A

Gram negative, Giemsa, Stamp-staining

Stamp-staining:

  • stamp fuchsin (5-8 min)
  • 1% acetic acid treatment
  • rinsing with tapwater
  • 3% diluted malachite-green (0.5-1 min)
  • rinsing, drying
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4
Q

Chlamydia:

  • culture, antigens, resistance
A

Culture:

  • in living cells only: 5-7 old embryonated egg, tissue culture (McCoy, L929, BHK, Vero), animals
  • replication in the vacuoles of the cells

Antigens:

  • genus specific (heat resistant): LPS
  • Species specific: Protein Ag-s

Resistance:

  • week
  • survives: faeces, fetal membranes, dust (1-3 weeks)
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5
Q

Chlamydia:

  • species
A

Genus Chlamydia:

  • C. trachomatis
  • C. psittaci
  • C. abortus
  • C. felis
  • C. pecorum
  • C. pneumoniae
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6
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  • human only
  • trachoma: chronic purulent conjuctivitus. Leading infectious cause of preventable blindness.
  • Lymphogranuloma venerum: inflammation of urethra, vaginitis, enlargement of regional lymph nodes.
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7
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

psittacosis or ornithosis:

  • parrot disease, parrot fever, lots of mammals, human (conjunctivitis, diarrhea, respiratory infection): parrot, pigeon, hen, turkey, duck, goose
  • human: influenza-like symptoms, headache, pneumonia
  • Occupational disease: pigeon-keepers, slaughterhouse workers, Zoo-workers, veterinarians
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8
Q

C. abortus, C. felis, C. pecorum, C. pneumoniae:

A
  • C. abortus: abortion (ewe, goat, cattle, swine)
  • C. felis: cat conjunctivits (30% of the cases)
  • C. pecorum: arthritis, pneumonia, encephalomyelitis in ruminants
  • C. pneumoniae: human pneumonia
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9
Q

Systematics of Rickettsiales

A

Rickettsiaceae family (cell wall contains polypeptidoglycane layer)

  • Coxiella genus: C. burnetii
  • Ehrlichia: E. canis, E. ruminantium
  • Rickettsia: R. rickettsii, R. prowazekii, R. sibirica, R. conorii
  • Neorickettsia: N. risticii

Anaplasmatacea family (no cell wall)

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10
Q

Systematics of Rickettsiales:

  • Anaplasmataceae family
A

Anaplasmataceae family (no cell wall, cytoplasma-membrane only)

Anaplasma:

  • A. marginale
  • A. centrale
  • A. bovis
  • A. ovis
  • A. phagocytophilum
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11
Q

Rickettsiales

  • Habitat, Morphology, Staining
A

Habitat:

  • obligate cell parasites, arthropod vectors, small rodents

Morphology:

  • 0.3-0.8 um coccoid rods, non motile

Staining:

  • difficult
  • Giemsa, Köster, Stamp
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12
Q

Rickettsiales:

  • culture, classification, genera
A

Culture:

  • living cells
  • embyonated eggs, cell culture, animals

Classification:

  • cell tropism
  • intra or extra cellular propagation

Genera:

  • Rickettsia, Coxiella: propagate in all cell types
  • Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia: lymphoid cells, endothel cells
  • Anaplasma: in or on eryhtrocytes, in lymphoid cells
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13
Q

Rickettsia genus

  • habitat, pathogenicity
A

Habitat:

  • reservoir: rodents and arthropods

Pathogenicity:

  • R. prowazekii: epidemic typhus fever - louse
  • R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever - ticks
  • R. sibirica: North-asian tick-borne rickettsiosis - ticks
  • R. conorii: Boutouneuse-fever - ticks
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14
Q

Coxiella genus

A

Derrik - 1937 slaughterhouse workers in Australia

Burnet - 1937 Australia

Cox - 1938 USA

C. burnetii:

  • Culture: embryonated eggs
  • Resistance: very good (in dust 50 days!)
  • Pathogenicity: No vectors are needed (ticks), Q-fever (human, cattle, sheep, goat), worldwide
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15
Q

Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia genus:

  • morhology, culture, pathogenicity
A

Morphology:

  • coocid

Culture:

  • tissue cultures
  • cannot be cultured in embryonated eggs

Pathogenicity:

  • E. canis: canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (fewer, generalised)
  • E. ruminantium: heartwater of ruminats
  • Neorickettsia risticii: Potomac horse fever (N-america, Europe)
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16
Q

Anaplasma genus:

  • habitat, culture, pathogenicity
A

Habitat:

  • ticks, ruminants

Culture:

  • in vitro: not possible, no cell wall

Pathogenicity:

  • A. marginale: cattle anaplasmosis (anaemia), tropical and subtropical countries
  • A. ovis: sheep, goat anaplasmosis (anaemia)
  • A. phagocytophilum: tickborne fever of ruminants, equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (oedema, lymphadenopathy)
17
Q

Bartonella genus:

  • species, staining, morphology, culture, pathogenicity
A

Species:

  • B. henselae: cat scratch disease

Staining, morphology, culture:

  • Gr-negative, slightly curved rods, blood agar, 3-4 weeks

Pathogenicity:

  • Cat scratch disease: incubation time 1-3 weeks –> ulcer, fever, headache, enlarged lymph nodes
18
Q

Systematics of Mollicutes

19
Q

Mycoplasma genus:

  • habitat, morphology, staining
A

Habitat:

  • human, mucous membranes of animals (respiratory tract, genitals, intestines)
  • plants

Morphology:

  • the smallest free-living microorganisms (0.2-0.8 um)
  • pleomorphic, pear shaped, long branching filaments
  • no cell wall!

Staining:

  • gram negative, Giemsa
20
Q

Mycoplasma

  • culture
A
  • fastidious, horse serum (sterols, fatty acids)
  • yeast extract, DNA, lactalbumin hydrolysate, urea, cysteine
  • no turbidity
  • typical colony morphology (like a nipple): 7-14 days, CO2
  • selective isolation: penicillin, tallium acetate
  • some species cannot be cultured: M. (E) suis, M. (E) ovis, M. (E) haemocanis, M. (E) haemofelis
21
Q

Mycoplasma

  • biochemistry, antigens, classification, pathogenicity
A

Biochemistry:

  • glucose fermentation, arginine hydrolysis,
  • cholesterol demand

Antigens:

  • growth inhibition test,
  • metabolism inhibition test

Classification:

  • family: genome size, cholesterol demand, morphology
  • genus: optimal temperature, pH, glucose, arginine, urease

Pathogenicity:

  • saprophytes - facultative pathogens - pathogens
22
Q

Mycoplasma

  • species
A

Human:

  • M. pneumoniae

Cattle:

  • M. mycoides ssp. mycoides: contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (dyspnoe - difficulty breathing)
  • M. bovis: arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia
  • M. dispar: pneumonia in calves
  • M. bovoculi: kertoconjunctivitis
  • M. californicum, M. canadense: mastitis

Sheep, Goat:

  • M. capricolum ssp. caprineumoniae: Contagious caprine pleuropnemoniae
  • M. capricolum ssp. capricolum: sheep, goat pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, septicaemia
  • M. mycoides ssp. capri: goat
  • M. agalactiae: sheep, goat pneumonia, contagious agalactia arthritis
  • M. conjunctivae: sheep, goat keratoconjunctivitis
  • M. ovipneumoniae: sheep pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis
  • M. (E) ovis: sheep anaemia (eperythrozoonosis) worldwide

Swine:

  • M. hyopneumoniae: enzootic pneumonia
  • M. hyorhinis: polyserositis, rhinitis, arthritis
  • M. hyosynoviae: arthritis
  • M. (E) suis: anaemia, swine eperythrozoonosis, USA, EU

Carnivores:

  • M. felis: conjunctivitis
  • M. (H) haemofelis: anemia (cat), haemobartonellosis
  • M. cynos: respiratory infection dog
  • M. (H) haemocanis: anemia (dog), haemobartonellosis

Poultry:

  • M. gallisepticum: chronic respiratory disease (CRD)
  • M. synoviae: synovitis (chicken, turkey)
  • M. meleagridis, M. iowae: air sacculitis (turkey)
  • M. anatis: air sacculitis
  • M. aseris: air sacculitis
23
Q

Ureaplasma genus:

  • culture, biochemistry, pathogenicity
A

Culture:

  • facultative anaerobic, CO2, cholesterol demand

Biochemistry:

  • urease +

Pathogenicity:

  • U. urealyticum: human, geniral inflammation
  • U. diversum: cattle genital inflammation, semen anomalies
  • U. canugenitalium: dog genital infection
24
Q

Acholeplasma genus:

  • culture, pathogenicity
A

Culture:

  • aerobic-facultative anaerobic,
  • cholesterol NOT needed

Pathogenicity:

  • saprophytes - facultative pathogens
  • A. axanthum: isolated from clinical samples
  • A. oculi: sheep, goat conjunctivitis

Bacteriology (10 decks)

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