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Physiology > Lab 9 - Sensory organs > Flashcards

Lab 9 - Sensory organs Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual cycle in…

  1. Horse
  2. Cattle
  3. Sheep
  4. Goat
  5. Swine
  6. Dog
  7. Cat
A
  1. 21 (15-26) days
  2. 21 (17-24) days
  3. 17 (13-19) days
  4. 21 (15-24) days
  5. 21 (17-25) days
  6. 50-80 days
  7. 14-28 days
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2
Q

Oestrus duration in…

  1. Horse
  2. Cattle
  3. Sheep
  4. Goat
  5. Swine
  6. Dog
  7. Cat
A
  1. Horse: 5 (3-9) days
  2. Cattle: 15 (6-24) hours
  3. Sheep: 30 (18-48) hours
  4. Goat: 30 (22-60) hours
  5. Swine: 50 (12-96) hours
  6. Dog: 9 (3-21) days
  7. Cat: 4-10 days
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3
Q

Pregnancy period in…

  1. Horse
  2. Cattle
  3. Sheep
  4. Goat
  5. Swine
  6. Dog
  7. Cat
  8. Rabbit
A
  1. Horse: 310-365 days
  2. Cattle: 280-290 days
  3. Sheep: 144-152 days
  4. Goat: 144-152 days
  5. Swine: 111-116 days
  6. Dog: 60-68 days
  7. Cat: 60-65 days
  8. Rabbit: 30-32 days
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4
Q

Which side is sensory side, and which is acting side?

A
  • Sensory: receptor - afferent nerve

- Acting: effector - efferent nerve

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5
Q

How to measure wavelength?

A

wavelength = c (wave speed) / f (frequency)

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6
Q

Three important attributes of sound waves?

A
  1. Wavelength
  2. Frequency (f)
  3. Velocity (c)
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7
Q

Hearing range in humans?

A

20-20000 Hz

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8
Q

What is the decibel scale?

A

Measure the volume, dB=10log(I1/I2)

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9
Q

What is Rinne experiment?

A

Demonstrates how the sound is transferred from outer ear to inner ear

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10
Q

Min. hearing treshold?

A

The first value where the test subject can hear the sound

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11
Q

Max. hearing treshold?

A

The first value where the test subject can hear a very quiet shrill noise

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12
Q

Borders of the eye

A

Cornea, queuos humor, lens, vitreous body

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13
Q

What does the accommodative triad consist of?

A

The adaptable curvature of the lens, eye movements and pupil function

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14
Q

What does the accommodative triad do?

A

Ensure constant focus for perfect vision

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15
Q

How is the direction of the two eyes coordinated?

A

By extraocular skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Divergent eye movements

A

The axes of the two eyes are able to move away from each other

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17
Q

Covergent eye movements

A

The axes of the two eyes get closer to each other

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18
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

An optical defect, where the vision is blurred, due to an inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp image of the retina

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19
Q

How can we investigate astigmatism?

A

With a keratoscope or Placido´s disk

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20
Q

What does ophtalmoscopy examinate?

A

Diseases of the refractive state of the eye-layers and the condition of the capillary circulation (id. of blind spot, the macula and the problems in blood vessels)

21
Q

Where is the blood vessels in the eye found?

A

In the upper layers of the retina, almost everywhere except in the center of the macula

22
Q

How can retinal blood vessels be recognized?

A

By sclera light

23
Q

What is the near point?

A

The nearest point, from which the light rays can be still focused on the macula

24
Q

What is the viewing angle?

A

The max. angle, at which the display can be viewed with acceptable visual performance

25
Q

What is the minimal viewing angle?

A

The angle of two separated points, which can be still distinguished from each other

26
Q

What is the value of min. viewing angle measured by?

A

Min of arc (arcminute, arcmin)

27
Q

What is a healthy eyes viwing angle limit?

A

1´ arcmin

28
Q

What is visual acuity or visus?

A

The value of the actual viwing angle limit relative to the physiological 1´ viewing angle limit

29
Q

What is Snellen charts used for?

A

Determination of vision acuity

30
Q

What is field of vision?

A

The part of the outer world seen by the animal

31
Q

How does the field of vision variate?

A

By different colours

32
Q

How can field of vision be determinated?

A

By a perimeter; consist of rotable semicircular arc and chin-rest

33
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

In the retina, where the optic nerve, retinal arteries and veins leave the eye. At this point no photosensitive receptors are located.

34
Q

Ways to find the blind spot

A
  1. Mariotte card; thick cross and a circle

2. Perimeter

35
Q

What are “cones”?

A

The color-sensitive photoreceptors of the retina

36
Q

Types of cones?

A

Red, green and blue

37
Q

Most common form of color blindness?

A

Red-green

38
Q

How to test red-green color blindness?

A

Ishihara test chart; show different symbols on a background

39
Q

How is the info. of the eye processed?

A

By the visual cortex and previous memories

40
Q

How does “discoloration” of Hermann grid happen?

A

The ganglion cells work in a contrast sensitive manner and they are sensitive to contrast differences on the surface boundaries

41
Q

What is stereoscopic vision?

A

The perception of depth and 3D structure obtained on the basis of visual info. deriving from two eyes

42
Q

What are stereograms?

A

Stereoscopic images created for the illusion of 3D image from a given 2D image

43
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

When an image of the world is given in 3D even though the image that project onto our retina is 2D. Means that there is a given distance bw. the two eyes.

44
Q

What is visual attention?

A

A mechanism that selectively filters visual info.

45
Q

What is Stroop effect?

A

Measures the selective attention, by reading words out load

46
Q

Types of sensory receptors?

A

Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

47
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Non-specialized sensory receptors that codes absolute and relative changes in temp.

48
Q

What is Weber´s illusion?

A

The exact perception of certain objects is different in various skin regions due to the number of receptors located in the given area.

Physiology (20 decks)

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