Lab 5 - Respiration

Question 1

define dead space?

Answer 1

the portion of each tidal volume that doesn’t take part in gas exchange

Question 2

define dynamic lung volume?

Answer 2

lung volume dependent on the flow rate at which air can be exhaled

Question 3

define vital capasity?

Answer 3

the maximal volume expelled after maximal inspiration (VC=ERV+IRV+VT)

Question 4

define inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 4

the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal inspiration.

Question 5

define expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 5

the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal expiration

Question 6

define expiration capacity?

Answer 6

the maximal volume expired from resting inspiratory level. (EC=VT+ERV)

Question 7

define tidal volume?

Answer 7

the amount of air exhaled or inhaled during a respiratory cycle

Question 8

define residual volume?

Answer 8

the amount of air remaining in lung after maximal expiration. (RV=VCx0.25)

Question 9

define inspiratory capacity?

Answer 9

the maximal volume inspired from resting expiratory level (IC=VT+IRV)

Question 10

define functional residual capacity?

Answer 10

the air volume that remain in the lung at resting expiratory level. (FRC=ERV+RV)

Question 11

define total lung capacity?

Answer 11

the air volume in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration. (TLC=VC+RV)

Question 12

define minimal volume?

Answer 12

achieved when lung collaps. Fraction get into interstices by diffusion at first breath

Question 13

what can be measured with pneumatometer?

Answer 13

Respiratory pressure

Question 14

Tiffeneau index formula?

Answer 14

TI(%)=(FEV1/VC)x100

Question 15

How to performe the Muller manoeuvre?

Answer 15

forced inspiration after normal expiration with closed glottis

Question 16

How to performe the Valsalva manoeuvre?

Answer 16

take deap breath and perform forced expiration with closed glottis

Question 17

Where is the chemoreceptors that can sense the CO2 partial pressure in the blood situated?

Answer 17

at bottom of forth cerebral ventricle

Question 18

What happens with the heart rate during inspiration? Explain

Answer 18

During inspiration the heart rate is higher than during expiration. Because DRG nuclei inhibits the vagal nuclei during inspiration

Question 19

What is meant by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)?

Answer 19

changes is heart rate in connection with respiration

Question 20

Formula for total lung capacity

Answer 20

TLC = VC + RV

Question 21

Donder’s model

Answer 21

glass bell, rubber sheet, two rubber balloons and a cannula connected to a manometer

Question 22

Hyperpnoea

Answer 22

the deep and frequent respiration that occurs normally after exercising

Question 23

Effect of Hypocapnia

Answer 23

If it provides more air than requires, can cause dizziness. Hyperventilation

Question 24

Respiratory rate (in resting state)

1. horse
2. cattle
3. small ruminants
4. swine
5. .dog: a) adult b) new-born
6. cat: a) adult b) new-born
7. rabbit
8. poultry

Answer 24

1. 10-15/min
2. 10-30/min
3. 15-30/min
4. 12-20/min
   5 a)15-30/min b) 30-40/min
5. a) 20-30/min b) 35-45/min
6. 50-60/min
7. 10-40/min

Question 25

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 25

760 mmHg (101.3 kPa)

Question 26

Pressure values during inspiration and expiration: 1. alveolar pressure a) inspiration b) expiration 2. intrapleural pressure a) inspiration b) expiration

Answer 26

1. a) 757 mmHg (100.7 kPa) 1. b) 763 mmHg (101.5 kPa) 2. a) 752 mmHg (100.0 kPa) 2. b) 757 mmHg (100.7 kPa)

Question 27

Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract 1. inspired air: a) O2 b) CO2 2. alveolar air: a) O2 b) CO2 3. pulmonary vein: a) O2 b) CO2 4. (arterial blood) cells: a) O2 b) CO2 5. pulmonary artery (venous blood): a) O2 b) CO2 6. expired air: a) O2 b) CO2

Answer 27

(mmHg) 1. a) 158 b) 0.3 2. a) 100 b) 40 3. a) 95 b) 40 4. a) 24 b) 50 5. a) 40 b) 46 6. a) 116 b) 32

Question 28

Characteristics of hemoglobin: 1. oxygen binding capacity 2. iron content

Answer 28

1. 4 mmol O2/mmol Hb | 2. 4 mmol Fe/mmol Hb

Question 29

Maximal oxygen saturation of 1 litre blood 1. arteries a) at 120 g/l Hb content b) at 150 g/l Hb content 2. veins a) at 120 g/l Hb content b) at 150 g/l Hb content 3. arterio-venosus O2 differency a) at 120 g/l Hb content b) at 150 g/l Hb content

Answer 29

1. a) 0.16 litre b) 0.20 litre 2. a) 0.12 litre b) 0.15 litre 3. a) 0.04 litre b) 0.05 litre

Question 30

Pressure values in the juxtaglomerular apparatus: 1. hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus 2. oncotic pressure in the glomerulus 3. pressure in a Bowman’s capsule 4. effective filtration pressure

Answer 30

1. 60 mmHg 2. 30 mmHg 3. 20 mmHg 4. 10 mmHg

Question 31

The volume and density of urine 1. average daily volume 2. range of density

Answer 31

1. 20-50 ml/bwt | 2. 1015-1045 g/dm3

Question 32

Clearance values in humans 1. para-amino hippuric acid 2. inulin 3. urea 4. Glucose

Answer 32

1. 600 ml/min 2. 120 ml/min 3. 80 ml/min 4. 0 ml/min