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Physiology > Lab 2 - Hematology II > Flashcards

Lab 2 - Hematology II Flashcards

1
Q

Data for fluid compartments

  1. total body water
  2. extracellular compartment
  3. intracellular compartment
A
  1. TBW: 600-650 ml/kg bwt
  2. EC: 250-300 ml/kg bwt
  3. IC: 350-400 ml/kg bwt
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2
Q

Data for characteristics of erythrocytes

  1. density
  2. average lifespan
    a) human, horse, ruminants, dog
    b) cat, swine, rabbit
    c) bird
  3. minimal osmotic resistance
  4. maximal osmotic resistance
A
  1. density: 1090 g/dm3
  2. average lifespan:
    a) human, horse, ruminants, dog: 120 days
    b) cat, swine, rabbit: 60 days
    c) bird: 30 days
  3. min. osmotic resistance: 0.45-0.7 % NaCl (70-120 mmol/l NaCl)
  4. max. osmotic resistance: 0.3-0.55 % NaCl (50-90 mmol/l NaCl)
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3
Q

Data for most important immunoglobulins in blood plasma; a)conc. b)proportion c)Molecular weight

  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
A
  1. IgG:
    a) conc.: 6-30 g/l
    b) proportion: 80 %
    c) Mol. weight: 150 000 Da
  2. IgA:
    a) conc.: 0.1-6 g/l
    b) proportion 13 %
    c) Mol. weight: 160 000 Da
  3. IgM:
    a) conc.: 1-5 g/l
    b) proportion: 6 %
    c) Mol. weight: 900 000 Da
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4
Q

Data for RBC count

  1. Mammals
  2. Birds
A
  1. Mammals: 6-12 x 10^12/l

2. Birds: 3 x 10^12/l

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5
Q

Data for percentage of reticulocytes among RBC (swine, dogs, cats)

  1. Adult animals
  2. Young animals
A
  1. Adult animals: 0-5 %

2. Young animals: 1-9 %

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6
Q

Data for WBC count:

  1. Mammals
  2. Birds
A
  1. Mammals: 5-15 × 10^9/l

2. Birds: 15-30 × 10^9/l

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7
Q

Data for thrombocyte count

A

200-800 x 10^9/l

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8
Q

What is cold agglutination?

A

Agglutination can occur below room temp., even in type O.

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9
Q

What is isocytosis?

A

If all cells have the same diameter.

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10
Q

What can you do to dilute blood?

A

Physiological saline solution

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11
Q

What does Türk solution do?

A

Lyses RBC and stain nucleus of WBC.

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12
Q

What kind of Ig is anti-D?

A

IgG type

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13
Q

What is biochem. polymorphism?

A

Diff. individuals of a species possess diff. variants or subunits of certain molecules. These variants slightly differ from one another in A.a. composition and A.a. sequence while they have the same function.

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14
Q

What are multimeric proteins and subunits?

A
  • Multimeris proteins: protein molecules in an individual that are made up of more than one polypeptide chain.
  • Subunits: individual polypeptide chains. May vary in sequence, even though they have the same function.
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15
Q

What happens when the subunits in multimeric proteins differ in combination?

A

They can give rise to multiple variant forms of the same protein.

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16
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

If the protein is an enzyme –> biochem. polymorphism. Because of the diff. a.a. composition of their constituent subunits the phys. prop. may vary.

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17
Q

What is genetic polymorphism?

A

Differences in the sequence (and a.a. composition) of the same subunit betw. diff. individuals, because alternative forms (alleles) of the gene coding for the subunit occur in diff. individuals.

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18
Q

What are blood groups antigens and how do they occur?

A
  • Polysaccharide present on the surface of the RBC.

- Presence/absence determined by independently inherited genes located on diff. chromosomes.

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19
Q

How does production of antibodies against antigen A and B occur?

A

By intestinal microorganisms whose cell wall antigens are the same as the antigen-determinants in the AB0 blood group system.

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20
Q

What is immunotolerance?

A

When the immune system tolerates its own RBC antigens.

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21
Q

What antigen-type are A and B antigens and what is the affects when it comes to birth?

A

Type IgM immunoglobulins and therefore cannot get through the placenta.

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22
Q

What are the affects of Incompatible blood transfusion in humans?

A

Donor’s RBCells may be destroyed in the recipient’s plasma (intravascular hemolysis), causing fever, shock, acute uraemia or even death.

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23
Q

What kind of incompatible transfusion reactions is in humans?

A

Immunological; type II hypersensitivity reaction. The IgM hemagglutinins activate the complement system and cause the transfused RBCells to undergo hemolysis.

24
Q

Which genes and allelles makes up the Rh antigens?

A
  • Genes: C, D, and E

- Alelles on each locus: C/c, D/d, and E/e

25
Q

How does incompatible blood transfusion of Rh happen?

A

No preformed antibodies in the Rh system. If Rh pos. RBCells get into bloodstream of Rh neg. individual, anti-D (IgG type) antibodies form.

26
Q

What are human blood group determination based on?

A

Hemagglutination: hemagglutinins react with RBCells that have antigens that the haemagglutinin recognises. If a reaction takes place, visible clumps form.

27
Q

Why are blood groups systems of domestic animals significantly different from those of humans?

A
  1. In most cases no preformed antibodies are present against RBC antigens of other individuals.
  2. In many cases blood group antigens are present in the plasma as well.
  3. Most artificially produced antibodies have a hemolysing rather than an agglutinating character.
28
Q

How are antibodies in domestic animals produced and which are used for blood typing?

A
  • Immunisation. First polyvalent serum (that contains various different antibodies) is produced. The unwanted antibody types are bound and eliminated by the technique known as saturation.
  • Monovalent antibodies obtained in this way are used for blood typing.
29
Q

How many blood group systems and antigens are known in cattle?

A

13 blood group systems and approximately 100 blood group antigens

30
Q

How are cattle blood groups determined?

A

Hemolysis method.
A RBC suspension is mixed with monovalent test serum and guinea pig/rabbit blood serum containing the complement factors.
Pos.reaction: lysis of RBCells. Red and homogenous sol. formed in test tubes.

31
Q

How many blood group antigens are known in dogs and cats and which are most frequent?

A
  • Dogs: 14 - DEA (dog erythrocyte antigen): DEA 1.1, DEA 1.2, DEA 4 and DEA 7.
  • Cats: 2: type A (most euro. short haired) and B
32
Q

What happens with dogs blood group agglutinins for the diff. types of antigens?

A
  • no preformed blood group agglutinins in the serum-first transfusion usually not risky
  • if a DEA 1.1 neg. dog gets transf. of DEA 1.1 pos. blood for 2. time, late type hemolysis occurs in 1 or 2 weeks
  • if a DEA 1.1 neg. dog gets transf. of DEA 1.1 pos. blood for 3. time, acute (<12 hours) transf. reaction occur-may be lethal.
  • DEA 1.2 incompatibility leads to moderate transf. reactions
  • DEA 1.3 antigens sensitizes the individual against DEA 1.3, DEA 1.1 and DEA 1.2 as well
33
Q

What happens with cats blood group agglutinins for the diff. types of antigens?

A
  • if a type B cat gets type A or AB blood: fatal transf. reaction occur within 24h, because the blood plasma of type B cats contains large amount of anti A antibodies
  • if a type A cat gets type B or AB blood: late type hemolysis or acute reaction occur
  • Cats with type AB blood group should be given type AB (rare blood group in cats) or type A (contains just a few anti-B antibodies) blood
34
Q

What is the simplest method for controlling blood group compatibility in dogs and cats?

A

Biological incompatibility test. 1.small amount of blood is administered (dogs 5-20 ml depending on body weight) 2.After 5 min general reactions, pulse rate, and pulse quality are observed.
-If there are no abnormal reactions, the full transfusion can be given after 10 minutes.

35
Q

What symptoms in dogs and cats refer to incompatibility?

A

Restlessness, shivering, elevated pulse and respiratory rate, dyspnoea, urination, defecation, and vomiting

36
Q

What is crossmatch tests?

A

Performed prior to blood transfusion. Purpose is to detect presence of antibodies in the recipient against the RBC of the donor, and vice versa.

37
Q

How are crossmatch tests performed in dogs and cats?

A
  • Dogs: no naturally occurring antibodies against most important blood group antigens –> sensitization against RBC antigen needed for a haemolytic reaction to take place. Should be performed before a 2. transf..
  • Cats: preformed anti-A antibodies in type B cats. In type B cats advisable to perform crossmatch tests even before 1. transf..
38
Q

What are major and minor crossmatch tests used for?

A
  • Major: detecting antibodies in the recipient´s serum against trans. RBC antigens.
  • Minor: detecting antibodies in the donor’s serum against the recipient’s RBC antigen
39
Q

What are autocontrol crossmatch test used for?

A

Detecting antibodies against self RBC antigens both in the donor and the recipient.

40
Q

Evaluation of crossmatch tests

  1. Major
  2. Minor
  3. Autocontrol
A
  • Major: neg. agglutination-transf. may be given, pos-Incompatible blood groups.
  • Minor: neg.agglutination-transf. may be given, pos-RBC suspension from the donor should be used
  • Autocontrol: neg. agglutination-transf. may be given, pos-Further clinical examination is suggested.
41
Q

Where can we find lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes?

A

Occur in most tissues

  • Type M: skeletal muscle
  • Type H: heart
42
Q

What does LDH isoenzymes do?

A

Oxidize lactate acid into pyruvic acid in presence of NAD+

43
Q

Which known LDH isoenzymes excists?

A
  1. LDH1: H4
  2. LDH2: M1H3
  3. LDH3: M2H2
  4. LDH4: M3H1
  5. LDH5: M4
44
Q

Why does RBC membrane have isotonic resistance?

A

Spectrin fibres on the internal side og the membrane. Spectrin mol. form a net underlying the cell membrane where they are attached mostly to ankyrin and actin.

45
Q

What are minimal/maximal osmotic resistance?

A
  • min. osmotic resistance: the lowest NaCl concentration that erythrocytes tolerate without undergoing lysis
  • max. osmotic resistance: the lowest NaCl concentration at which every cell undergoes lysis
46
Q

How are the RBC in

  1. Isotonic sol.?
  2. Hypertonic sol.?
  3. Hypotonic sol.?
A
  1. Isotonic sol.: Erythrocytes suspended in isotonic saline solution (0.9 % NaCl) retain their physiological shape. The suspension is opaque, red in colour but not transparent to light
  2. Hypertonic sol.: erythrocytes shrink because of water loss - light red colour
  3. Hypotonic sol.: erythrocytes swell as a result of water uptake - dark red colour. Excessive swelling leads to hemolysis. In this case the blood will be of varnish paint type.
47
Q

What are the membrane damaging agents?

A

Some glycosides (e.g. saponin), fat dissolving agents (e.g. ether), antibiotics (e.g. phenotiazins) and detergents

48
Q

What is erythrocytosis/anaemia?

A
  • Erythrocytosis: increase in the red blood cell count

- Anaemia: decrease in the red blood cell count

49
Q

What is used for counting of RBC?

A

Hemocytometer

In hungary most common is Bürker chamber.

50
Q

What are WBC count equal to? Why is it important?

A
  • The sum of the myeloid and lymphoid cell counts.

- Important to draw a distinction between leukaemias and inflammatory processes

51
Q

What is leukocytosis and leukopenia?

A
  • Leukocytosis: If the total WBC count is higher than the reference value
  • Leukopenia: if it is lower
52
Q

How can anaemia be distinguished?

A

-Measuring the diameter of RBC

53
Q

What is macrocytosis, mikrocytosis and isocytosis/anisocytosis?

A
  • Macrocytosis: describe RBC that are larger than normal
  • Microcytosis: describe red blood cells that are smaller than normal
  • isocytosis: If all the cells have the same diameter
  • anisocytosis: if this is not the case
54
Q

How is the diameter of RBC measured?

A

With ocularmicrometer: ocular with scale division and crossed spider lines

55
Q

What is automated hematology analysis based on?

A

That with respect to electrical conductivity a blood cell is a relatively bad conductor while blood plasma is a relatively good one.

56
Q

How is RBC, platelets and WBC counted?

A

Red blood cell and platelet counting are performed together. The count of WBCs is subtracted from RBCs.

57
Q

What is used to represent the result of blood counting?

A

Histogram

Physiology (20 decks)

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