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Physiology > Lab 1 - Hematology > Flashcards

Lab 1 - Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Venipuncture sites for horses, cattle, swine, sheep/goats, dogs, rabbits and poultry

A

Horses: v.jugularis
Cattle: v.jugularis, v.coccygea, v.subcutanea abdominis
Swine: v.cava cranialis
Sheep, goat: v.jugularis
Dogs: v.jugularis, v.saphena, v.cephalica antebrachii
Rabbits: v.auricularis lat.
Poultry: v.axillaris, v.cutanea ulnaris

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2
Q

Needle size for large and small animals

A

Large animals: 16-20 Gauge

Small animals: 20-25 Gauge

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3
Q

Where is the blood collected during blood drawing?

A

Watch glasses and Wasserman tubes

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4
Q

What can excitation cause during blood drawing?

A

Increased epinephrine level which causes hematocrit and incr. white blood cell count.

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5
Q

Why do we shake the blood flask after blood drawing? What is this blood called?

A

To make fibronigen change into fibrin. Defibrinated blood.

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6
Q

Methods to obtain anticoagulated blood

A
  • Using anticoagulants such as sodium citrate or EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid - disodium or dipotassium salt), that binds Ca-ions.
  • Heparin-catalyzes the thrombin-antithrombin reaction.
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7
Q

Which steps does hemostasis consists of?

A
  1. Vascular reaction
  2. Thrombocyte reaction
  3. Thrombolysis
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8
Q

What is coagulation a result of?

A
  • Extrinsic way: external tissue injury
  • Intrinsic way: injury of the intima of the vessels
  • -> enzyme activating system (common pathway)
  • -> fibrin net forms from fibrinogen of the plasma
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9
Q

How can we determine the blood clotting time?

A
  • Appearance of the first fibrin thread

- Lee-White method

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10
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The ratio of the volume of RBC to the total blood volume.

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11
Q

What are the types of hematocrit?

A
  • Polythemia: abnormally high hematocrit

- Oligocythemia (anaemia): abnormally low hematocrit

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12
Q

Which molecules adhere to the surface after centrifugation?

A

Albumin (small with strong neg. charge)

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13
Q

Which molecules increase during inflammation, and how does it affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A
  • Globulins and acute phase proteins (APP´s, e.g. C reactive protein and fibrinogen).
  • It will increase, because there is less repulsion among RBC.
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14
Q

What can increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicate?

A

Inflammation or tumors.

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15
Q

What can cause an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

Hypoalbuminaemia or hemodilution.

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16
Q

How do we determine the while blood cell count?

A

By morphological feautures.

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17
Q

What do we base the determination of white blood cell types on?

A
  • Cell size in comparison with RBC
  • Shape and size of the nucleus
  • Presence or absence and nature of granules
18
Q

How are the RBC in mammals and birds?

A
  • Mammals:
  • no nucleus
  • cytoplasm/granules: dark orange on the side and light orange in centre
  • diameter: 5-7
  • no enzymes in the granules
  • Birds:
  • oval nucleus
  • cytoplasm/granules are orange
  • diameter is 12*7
  • no enzymes in the granules
19
Q

How are the neutrophil granulocytes in mammals?

A

Nucleus depends on the maturity of the cell (mature: segmented, middle aged: elongated, young: bean-shaped). The cytoplasm is light pink and different granules, diameter is 10 and the enzymes are lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, superoxid-dismutase and acid and alkaline phosphatase.

20
Q

How are the heterophil granulocytes in birds?

A

Several segmented nucleus, pink cytoplasm and pale red granules.

21
Q

How are the eosinophil granulocytes?

A

Segmented (usually bi-lobed) nucleus, large bright red granules, diameter is 14, enzymes is histaminase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, eosinophil basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein.

22
Q

How are the basophil granulocytes?

A

Hardly segmented nucleus, large blue granules, diameter is 15 and the enzymes is hyaluronidase and proteases.

23
Q

How are the agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes: spherical and very large nucleus, light purple cytoplasm, diameter is 9-15 and no enzymes.
  • Monocytes: kidney-shaped nucleus on the edge of the cell, light blue cytoplasm, diameter is 15, enzymes are proteases, myeloperoxidase, superoxide-dismutase and acid and alkaline phosphatase.
24
Q

How are the thrombocytes?

A

No nuclus, rounded granules, diameter is 2 and no enzymes.

25
Q

Effects of heparin?

A

Prevent blood from coagulating by catalyzing the thrombin-antithrombin reaction

26
Q

Function of methanol in fixation?

A

Fix the smear and precipitate the protein

27
Q

What is buffy coat?

A

White blood cells have lower density than red, and will form a thin layer on top after centrifugation

28
Q

How obtain blood serum?

A

Centrifuge blood sample, where fibrinogen is changed into fibrin. Shaking with small glass beads.

29
Q

Defibrinated blood

A

Shaked blood, where fibrinogen is changed into fibrin

30
Q

Lee-White method

A

Tilt the blood in intervals of 3 minutes to see if it coagulates.

31
Q

Why is the venous hematocrit lever larger than the arterial?

A

Ion transport and water flux assosiated with CO2 transport.

32
Q

How can you increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

By displacing the albumin on the surface, the surface charge decreases.

33
Q

Physico-chemical characteristics of blood

  1. average blood volume of adult animals
  2. density
  3. relative viscosity (related to water)
  4. pH
  5. osmolarity
  6. osmolality
  7. total osmotic pressure
  8. oncotic pressure
  9. freezing point
  10. hemoglobin concentration
A
  1. 60-80 ml/kg bwt
  2. 1050 g/dm3
  3. 3,5
  4. 7.35-7.45
  5. 300 mosmol/l
  6. 300 mosmol/kg
  7. 700 kPa (5262 mmHg)
  8. 3.5 kPa (26 mmHg)
  9. -0.56 ºC
  10. 120-180 g/l
34
Q

Physico-chemical characteristics of blood plasma

  1. density
  2. Na+-concentration
  3. K+concentration
  4. Mg2+ concentration
  5. Ca2+ concentration mammals and poultry
  6. Cl concentration
  7. HCO3-concentration
  8. Panorg. concentration
  9. fibrinogen concentration
  10. glucose level ruminants, monogastric animals and poultry
  11. cholesterol level
  12. residual nitrogen level
  13. urea
  14. creatinin
A
  1. density 1020 g/dm3
  2. Na+concentration 140 mmol/l
  3. K+concentration 4 mmol/l
  4. Mg2+ concentration 1.5 mmol/l
  5. Ca2+ concentration mammals -total 2.5 mmol/l
    - ionic 1.25 mmol/l, poultry -total 5 mmol/l -ionic 1.25 mmol/l
  6. Cl concentration 110 mmol/l
  7. HCO3-concentration 27 mmol/l
  8. Panorg. concentration 2 mmol/l
  9. fibrinogen concentration 3 (1-6) g/l
  10. glucose level -ruminants 3 (2-4) mmol/l
    - monogastric animals 5 (3-5.5) mmol/l
    - poultry 10 (9-11) mmol/l
  11. cholesterol level 5 (1-8) mmol/l
  12. residual nitrogen level 15-25 mmol/l
  13. urea 3-10 mmol/l
  14. creatinin 50-200 μmol/l
35
Q

Hematocrit in venous blood

-average

A

average 0.35-0.45 l/l 35-45 %

36
Q

Blood clotting time (Lee-White method, 37 ºC)

  1. horse
  2. cattle
  3. swine
  4. dog
  5. cat
A
  1. horse 20-25 min
  2. cattle 5-15 min
  3. swine 5-6 min
  4. dog 6-7 min
  5. cat 7-9 min
37
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (depends on the hematocrit)

  1. horse
  2. cattle
  3. small ruminants
  4. swine
  5. dog
  6. cat
A
  1. horse 60-90 mm/hour
  2. cattle 0-2 mm/hour
  3. small ruminants 0 mm/ hour
  4. swine 1-14 mm/hour
  5. dog 5-10 mm/hour
  6. cat 5-10 mm/hour
38
Q

Differential WBC count in lymphocytic

species: cattle, swine, sheep, domestic fowl
1. Lymphocyte
2. Neutrophil granulocyte
3. Eosinophil granulocyte
4. Basophil granulocyte
5. Monocyte

A
  1. 60 (55-75)
  2. 35 (15-45)
  3. 0-5
  4. 1
  5. 1-10
39
Q

Differential WBC count in neutrophilic species: horse, dog, cat

  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Neutrophil granulocyte
  3. Eosinophil granulocyte
  4. Basophil granulocyte
  5. Monocyte
A
  1. 35 (15-45)
  2. 60 (55-75)
  3. 0-8
  4. 1
  5. 0-7
40
Q

Protein concentration of body fluids

  1. mammals: blood plasma
  2. poultry: blood plasma
  3. interstitial fluid
  4. lymph
  5. cerebrospinal fluid
A
  1. mammals, blood plasma 60-80 g/l; albumin 35-50 %, globulins 50-65 %
  2. poultry, blood plasma 30-40 g/l; albumin 35-50 %, globulins 50-65 %
  3. interstitial fluid 30-40 g/l
  4. lymph 30-40 g/l
  5. cerebrospinal fluid 0.25-0.4 g/l

Physiology (20 decks)

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