Lab 1 - Hematology

Question 1

Venipuncture sites for horses, cattle, swine, sheep/goats, dogs, rabbits and poultry

Answer 1

Horses: v.jugularis
Cattle: v.jugularis, v.coccygea, v.subcutanea abdominis
Swine: v.cava cranialis
Sheep, goat: v.jugularis
Dogs: v.jugularis, v.saphena, v.cephalica antebrachii
Rabbits: v.auricularis lat.
Poultry: v.axillaris, v.cutanea ulnaris

Question 2

Needle size for large and small animals

Answer 2

Large animals: 16-20 Gauge

Small animals: 20-25 Gauge

Question 3

Where is the blood collected during blood drawing?

Answer 3

Watch glasses and Wasserman tubes

Question 4

What can excitation cause during blood drawing?

Answer 4

Increased epinephrine level which causes hematocrit and incr. white blood cell count.

Question 5

Why do we shake the blood flask after blood drawing? What is this blood called?

Answer 5

To make fibronigen change into fibrin. Defibrinated blood.

Question 6

Methods to obtain anticoagulated blood

Answer 6

• Using anticoagulants such as sodium citrate or EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid - disodium or dipotassium salt), that binds Ca-ions.
• Heparin-catalyzes the thrombin-antithrombin reaction.

Question 7

Which steps does hemostasis consists of?

Answer 7

1. Vascular reaction
2. Thrombocyte reaction
3. Thrombolysis

Question 8

What is coagulation a result of?

Answer 8

• Extrinsic way: external tissue injury
• Intrinsic way: injury of the intima of the vessels
• -> enzyme activating system (common pathway)
• -> fibrin net forms from fibrinogen of the plasma

Question 9

How can we determine the blood clotting time?

Answer 9

• Appearance of the first fibrin thread

- Lee-White method

Question 10

What is hematocrit?

Answer 10

The ratio of the volume of RBC to the total blood volume.

Question 11

What are the types of hematocrit?

Answer 11

• Polythemia: abnormally high hematocrit

- Oligocythemia (anaemia): abnormally low hematocrit

Question 12

Which molecules adhere to the surface after centrifugation?

Answer 12

Albumin (small with strong neg. charge)

Question 13

Which molecules increase during inflammation, and how does it affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 13

• Globulins and acute phase proteins (APP´s, e.g. C reactive protein and fibrinogen).
• It will increase, because there is less repulsion among RBC.

Question 14

What can increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicate?

Answer 14

Inflammation or tumors.

Question 15

What can cause an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 15

Hypoalbuminaemia or hemodilution.

Question 16

How do we determine the while blood cell count?

Answer 16

By morphological feautures.

Question 17

What do we base the determination of white blood cell types on?

Answer 17

• Cell size in comparison with RBC
• Shape and size of the nucleus
• Presence or absence and nature of granules

Question 18

How are the RBC in mammals and birds?

Answer 18

• Mammals:
• no nucleus
• cytoplasm/granules: dark orange on the side and light orange in centre
• diameter: 5-7
• no enzymes in the granules
• Birds:
• oval nucleus
• cytoplasm/granules are orange
• diameter is 12*7
• no enzymes in the granules

Question 19

How are the neutrophil granulocytes in mammals?

Answer 19

Nucleus depends on the maturity of the cell (mature: segmented, middle aged: elongated, young: bean-shaped). The cytoplasm is light pink and different granules, diameter is 10 and the enzymes are lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, superoxid-dismutase and acid and alkaline phosphatase.

Question 20

How are the heterophil granulocytes in birds?

Answer 20

Several segmented nucleus, pink cytoplasm and pale red granules.

Question 21

How are the eosinophil granulocytes?

Answer 21

Segmented (usually bi-lobed) nucleus, large bright red granules, diameter is 14, enzymes is histaminase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, eosinophil basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein.

Question 22

How are the basophil granulocytes?

Answer 22

Hardly segmented nucleus, large blue granules, diameter is 15 and the enzymes is hyaluronidase and proteases.

Question 23

How are the agranulocytes?

Answer 23

• Lymphocytes: spherical and very large nucleus, light purple cytoplasm, diameter is 9-15 and no enzymes.
• Monocytes: kidney-shaped nucleus on the edge of the cell, light blue cytoplasm, diameter is 15, enzymes are proteases, myeloperoxidase, superoxide-dismutase and acid and alkaline phosphatase.

Question 24

How are the thrombocytes?

Answer 24

No nuclus, rounded granules, diameter is 2 and no enzymes.

Question 25

Effects of heparin?

Answer 25

Prevent blood from coagulating by catalyzing the thrombin-antithrombin reaction

Question 26

Function of methanol in fixation?

Answer 26

Fix the smear and precipitate the protein

Question 27

What is buffy coat?

Answer 27

White blood cells have lower density than red, and will form a thin layer on top after centrifugation

Question 28

How obtain blood serum?

Answer 28

Centrifuge blood sample, where fibrinogen is changed into fibrin. Shaking with small glass beads.

Question 29

Defibrinated blood

Answer 29

Shaked blood, where fibrinogen is changed into fibrin

Question 30

Lee-White method

Answer 30

Tilt the blood in intervals of 3 minutes to see if it coagulates.

Question 31

Why is the venous hematocrit lever larger than the arterial?

Answer 31

Ion transport and water flux assosiated with CO2 transport.

Question 32

How can you increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 32

By displacing the albumin on the surface, the surface charge decreases.

Question 33

Physico-chemical characteristics of blood 1. average blood volume of adult animals 2. density 3. relative viscosity (related to water) 4. pH 5. osmolarity 6. osmolality 7. total osmotic pressure 8. oncotic pressure 9. freezing point 10. hemoglobin concentration

Answer 33

1. 60-80 ml/kg bwt 2. 1050 g/dm3 3. 3,5 4. 7.35-7.45 5. 300 mosmol/l 6. 300 mosmol/kg 7. 700 kPa (5262 mmHg) 8. 3.5 kPa (26 mmHg) 9. -0.56 ºC 10. 120-180 g/l

Question 34

Physico-chemical characteristics of blood plasma 1. density 2. Na+-concentration 3. K+concentration 4. Mg2+ concentration 5. Ca2+ concentration mammals and poultry 6. Cl concentration 7. HCO3-concentration 8. Panorg. concentration 9. fibrinogen concentration 10. glucose level ruminants, monogastric animals and poultry 11. cholesterol level 12. residual nitrogen level 13. urea 14. creatinin

Answer 34

1. density 1020 g/dm3 2. Na+concentration 140 mmol/l 3. K+concentration 4 mmol/l 4. Mg2+ concentration 1.5 mmol/l 5. Ca2+ concentration mammals -total 2.5 mmol/l - ionic 1.25 mmol/l, poultry -total 5 mmol/l -ionic 1.25 mmol/l 6. Cl concentration 110 mmol/l 7. HCO3-concentration 27 mmol/l 8. Panorg. concentration 2 mmol/l 9. fibrinogen concentration 3 (1-6) g/l 10. glucose level -ruminants 3 (2-4) mmol/l - monogastric animals 5 (3-5.5) mmol/l - poultry 10 (9-11) mmol/l 11. cholesterol level 5 (1-8) mmol/l 12. residual nitrogen level 15-25 mmol/l 13. urea 3-10 mmol/l 14. creatinin 50-200 μmol/l

Question 35

Hematocrit in venous blood | -average

Answer 35

average 0.35-0.45 l/l 35-45 %

Question 36

Blood clotting time (Lee-White method, 37 ºC) 1. horse 2. cattle 3. swine 4. dog 5. cat

Answer 36

1. horse 20-25 min 2. cattle 5-15 min 3. swine 5-6 min 4. dog 6-7 min 5. cat 7-9 min

Question 37

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (depends on the hematocrit) 1. horse 2. cattle 3. small ruminants 4. swine 5. dog 6. cat

Answer 37

1. horse 60-90 mm/hour 2. cattle 0-2 mm/hour 3. small ruminants 0 mm/ hour 4. swine 1-14 mm/hour 5. dog 5-10 mm/hour 6. cat 5-10 mm/hour

Question 38

Differential WBC count in lymphocytic species: cattle, swine, sheep, domestic fowl 1. Lymphocyte 2. Neutrophil granulocyte 3. Eosinophil granulocyte 4. Basophil granulocyte 5. Monocyte

Answer 38

1. 60 (55-75) 2. 35 (15-45) 3. 0-5 4. 1 5. 1-10

Question 39

Differential WBC count in neutrophilic species: horse, dog, cat 1. Lymphocyte 2. Neutrophil granulocyte 3. Eosinophil granulocyte 4. Basophil granulocyte 5. Monocyte

Answer 39

1. 35 (15-45) 2. 60 (55-75) 3. 0-8 4. 1 5. 0-7

Question 40

Protein concentration of body fluids 1. mammals: blood plasma 2. poultry: blood plasma 3. interstitial fluid 4. lymph 5. cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 40

1. mammals, blood plasma 60-80 g/l; albumin 35-50 %, globulins 50-65 % 2. poultry, blood plasma 30-40 g/l; albumin 35-50 %, globulins 50-65 % 3. interstitial fluid 30-40 g/l 4. lymph 30-40 g/l 5. cerebrospinal fluid 0.25-0.4 g/l