Lab 8 Flashcards
hermaphrodites cannot
feritlize themselves with their sperm
muscles work against water
hydrostatic skelton
chemcials that exert effects upon the physiology of organisms
bioactive chemicals
organic compounds contaning rings of nitrogen and are alkane or basic in solution; bitter taste and end with -ine; often act upont he nervous system by mimicking the effects of neurotransmitters
alkaloids
natural chemicals of the nervous system
neurotransmitters
some are stimulants, other depressants, others halluciogen; ex: cocaine, morphine, nicotine, caffeine
alkaloids
many of the most usefull bioactive chemicals are
alkaloids
Belong to the largest group of plant chemicals and serve a variety of functions in plants; they are the principle ingredients in plant-derived perfumes, soaps, flavorings, dyes, and many medicines
Terpenes
Group of terpenees that have drawn the attention of researchers because they often are the active ingredient in many herbal preparations
Lactones
Defining characteristic is the presence of a sugar group but it is what is attached to the sugar that defines the biological activity
Glycosides
Glycosides may be classified as
Cyanogenic, cardioactive, or sapogenic
This type of glycosides release cyanide; plants containing this type of glycoside are usually considered poisonous rather than therapeutic
Cyanogenic
This type of glycosides affect the circulatory system, specifically the heart; depending on the dosage it can poison the heart by causing heart failure or act as a medicine to strengthen the heart
Carioactive
This type of clycosides have a steroidal component; steroids are physiologically important as many hormones are steroids; found in some plants have been precursors for creating synthetic hormones;
Sapogenic
Examples are salicin (base of aspirin) and the collective name for many principle ingredients in aloe vera
Glycosides
Segmented worms; body is organized into repeated rings or segments; found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments
Annelid
Annelida with few bristles
Oligochaeta
Little bristles
Setae
Few
Oligo
Mudworm; found throughout north america at the edge of freshwater nods, lakes, and marshes; eat organic debris and microscopic algae
California blackworm
Blood is contained within blood vessels
Closed circulatory system
Along the backside
Dorsal
Acts as the heart, pumping in the blood through wave-like contractions of its muscular walls
Dorsal blood vessel
Blood is bright red in color due to the presence of
Hemoglobin-like pigment that transports oxygen
Hemoglobin like pigment that transports oxygen
Erthrocuorin
In the mudworm the pigment is
Dissolved in the plasma
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte , eosinphil , basophil
Stomach
Ventral
Mudworms circulate by
Smooth muscle
Mudworms have the highest pulse rate in the (x) and the lwoest in the (x)
Tail, head
What makes blood look blue
Copper
Which animal did not have nucleated red blood cells
Humans
White blood cells are found in
Frogs and humans
Shape of human red blood cells
Biconcave disks
Giant Palouse earthworm (Driloleirus americanus), 3ft or more in length, white to light pink, odor of lillies, Burrows 15ft deep, WA, ID, OR grassland sites
endangered giant earthworm
Native Botrychium mormo fern threatened
Lumbricus rubellus
Remove upper layer of litter that fern needs
Invasive Earthworms from Europe & Asia
16 inches long and nearly an ounce
More than twice the weight of any wild earthworm
largest earthworm of great britain
dave
Segmented worms Oligochaetes - Few setae Hermaphrodites Circular& longitudinal muscle layers Hydrostatic skeleton Transparent cuticle Closed Circulation
annelida
-ine ending, Ring of carbon atoms containing N, 5000 known, Derived from amino acids, Bitter tasting, Affect the nervous system, Neurotransmitters, Cocaine, nicotine, ephedrine, morphine, codeine, Families high in alkaloids, Poppy, Dogbane, Tomato, Bean, Coffee, Barberry, Morning Glory
Secondary Plant Products -Alkaloids
Glycosides, Sugar group + active ingredient,
Families: Dogbane, Lily, Milkweed, Buttercup
Cyanogenic
-Release HCN (hydrocyanic acid)
-Ex. amygdalin from pits/seed of apricots, bitter almond, cherries, peaches, plums
Sapogenic (saponins)
-Purgative
-Rhubarb, aloe, senna
Cardioactive
-Slow heartbeat
-Foxglove, Lactones- Kava
terpenes
Blood away from heart
arteries
Connective (dense -> loose)
Tunica adventitia (externa)
Circular Smooth Muscle
Elastic & collagen fibers
Tunica media
Endothelium
Tunica intima (interna)
Nearest the heart
Largest diameter/thickest walls
More elastic than smooth muscles
Highest bp
Elastic arteries
More smooth muscle
Control blood flow
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Elastic connective in intima/media
Muscular arteries
Carry blood to the heart
At rest, 54% of the blood resides in veins
Larger diameter than arteries
Thinner walls, more distensible
veins
Blood from capillaries
Endothelium + loose connective
Venules
Largest empty in heart
Less smooth muscle & elastic tissue in tunica media
Tunica adventitia is thicker
Dense connective
Veins –S, M, L
Semilunar valves in 2mm diameter veins
Skeletal muscle contractions
Varicose veins
Phlebitis
veins
2 million of these are produced per second in human bone marrow
Short lived - 120 days
red blood cells, Erythrocytes
60-65%
Pink granules
5-7 lobed nucleus
First to fight infections
neutrophils
2- 4%
Red granules
Reduce inflammation
Allergies, parasitic worms
eosinphils
0.5 – 1%
Large dark blue granules
Allergies
basophils
20- 35%
Produce antibodies
lymphocytes
3-8%
Largest
Phagocytic
monocytes
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
relationship between SA/V and Mass
inverse
highest SA to V is the (x) mass
lowest
(x) animal gives off body heat faster
smaller
hair (x) by trapping air
insulates
what happens during hibernation
decrease in body temp and acitivty
the gullet is like the
cytopharynx
the food vacuole is like the
stomach
effect of ink on tetrahymena
the lower the better, impairs beating of cilia
effect of tobacco on tetrahymena
paralyzes cilia, greatest food vacuoles at lowest concentratoin
effect of theophylaine on tetrahymena
increases cilia action (used as asthma meds), mid range optinal, not linear
temp effect on tetra
room temp optimal, not linear, but tetra can tolerate most temps
higher metabolic needs have (x) circulation
closed
fav drugs are
alkaloids
can be high in
alkaloids and glycosides
chamomile effect
supposed to slow ehart, but on worms it sped it up, didn’t support
caffeine effect
supports lit, increases heart, stimulate
ginger effect
support lit, did increase heart
valerian effect
didn’t support lit, supposed to be depressant, but increased worm heart rate
turmeric effect
supposted to increase blood flow, supported lit
tobacco effect
mixed results, stimulat except at 1/2
hawthorn effect
supposed to be best of all for heart, supported lit
