Lab 6 Flashcards
hypothesis suggests that plant growth is limited by the energy available to plants, which is determined in turn by temperature and precipitation; more plant growth means more forage is available- this herbivores, and then carnivofres, whould increase
primary productivity or “bottom up”
model predicts that change in one trophic level are caused by opposite changes in the trophic level immediately above it
trophic cascade or “top down”
the sepals and petals make up the
perianth
funcionality of sepals
protect, photosytnthesis, attract
outermost whorl of a flower
sepals
colective name for sepals are
calyx
within the whorl of sepals are
petals
collected name for petals is
corolla
patterns of 4s and 5s
dicots
patterns of 3s and 6s
monocot
(x) don’t see color
moths
flys are attracted to flowers that
look like rotting meet and small
bees like
white and blue, minty smell
birds are attracted to
bright colors, no scent
bats like
white, musk and urine smell
carpels are collectively
gynoecium
three parts of a carpel
stigma, style, ovary
recieves pollen; may be feathery or sticky
stigma
stalk which supports the stigma and connects it to the swollen base
style
contains 1 or more ovules
ovary
sturctures which will develop after fertilization into seeds
ovules
flower whorls are supported by the, an enlargement of the stem
receptacle
stalk that bears a flower is
peduncle
a flower cluster
inflorescence
all four sets of floral whorls
complete flower
often lacks sepals or petals or both
incomplete flowers
have both stamens and carpels
perfect flowers
are unisexual either staminate or carpellate
imperfect flowers
radially symmetrical
regular flowers
are bilatteraly symetrical
irregular flowers
if perianth and stamens are inserted into the receptacle beneath the ovary, the ovary is (x) and the floral parts are
superior, hypogynous
if the perianth and stamens appear to come from above the ovary, the position of the ovary is said to be (x) and the floral parts (x)
inferior, epigynous
pollen grains have two layered walls that consists of an outer (x) and an inside (x)
exine, intine
opening into an ovule
micropyle
the pollen tube will deliver two sperm: one to fertilize the egg to produce the single-celled (x), the other to fuse with a binucleate (2 polar nuclei) (x) to produce (x)
zygote, central cell, endosperm
after fertilization, the sepals, petals, and stamens wither away, but the ovary of the carpel expands to become the
fruit
fruit wall (x) protects seeds and may aid in dispersal
pericarp
three parts of pericarp
exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
opens w/ 3 or more seams
capsules
splits open 1x
follicle
splits along 2 seams, beans and peas
legume
apple and pears are
pome
squashes and melons are
pepos
citrus are
hesperidium
peahces, plums, and cherrys are
drupe
dry fruit that splits open when mature
dehiscent
dry fruit that does not split open
indehiscent
a flower with many carpels will produce many seperate individual fruits in a collection called
aggregate
fruit produced from the fusion of the ovaries of many separate flowers in an inflorescense are called
multiple fruits
nut example
acorn
disperses through wind
samara
in (x) the endosperm becomes the primary food source
monocotyledonous seeds
in (x) the food is stored in the cotyledons (seed leaves) and the endosperm dissapears
dicotyledonous seeds
seed coat
testa
attachment point of the seed to the ovary wall
hilum
embryonic root
radicle
stem above the cotyledons
epicotyl
plumule
shoot
stem below the cotyledons
hypocotyl
carple is another name for
pistle
unfertilized seed
ovule
: won’t have petals, things to catch pollen, no scent or color
wind-pollunated
(x) of 4 megaspores survive
biggest
(x) is a ripened ovary
fruit
food storage is in (x) for baby plant
endosperm
The pericarp or fruit wall is differentiated into thin epicarp (skin) fleshy mesocarp and stony endocarp.Hence.it is also called as stone fruit, e.g., Mango, Coconut, Peach, Almond, Trapa etc.
Drupe
It is a simple, fleshy but false fruit as it is surrounded by a fleshy thalamus which is edible while actual fruit lies within, e.g., apple, pear, loquat
Pome
Berry is a fleshy fruit in which there is no hard part except the seeds (Fig. 7.13). Pericarp may be differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. One or other of these layers may form pulp in which seeds are embedded which generally gets detached from the placenta.
The fruits derived from superior ovary are called superior or true ones as in brinjal, grape, tomato.
Berry
This develops from inferior ovary which is unilocular or falsely trilocular having parietal placentation. The seeds remain attached to placenta. The outer ring is very hard as in Cucurbits (
Pepo
It develops from polycarpellary, syncarpous, superior, multilocuiar ovary with axile placentation. Epicarp forms the leathery peeling, mesocarp is in the form of fibres while the endocarp projects inwards forming distinct chambers from which juicy ingrowths in the form of hair arise which form the edible part, eg. Citrus (Orange, Lemon)
Hesperidium
These fruits are not fleshy, and their pericarp (fruit wall) is not distinguished into three layers.
Dry fruit
As their name indicates, pericarp of such fruits does not rupture on ripening and the seeds remain inside.
Indehiscent
Close-fitting pericarp surrounding a single seed; sunflower
Achene
Thick, woody pericarp surrounding a single seed; acorn
Nut
Close-fitting pericap fused to a single seed
Grain
Wing seed
Samara
