Lab 7 Flashcards
t/f the invertabrates are a monophyletic group
false
t/f the branch bilateria is a monophyletic group
false
t/f the protostomes are a monophyletic group
false
t/f the deuterostomes are a monophyletic group
true
t/f the ecysozoans are a monophyletic group
true
t/f the lophotrochozoans are a monophyletic group
true
the study of evolutionary pattern as determined by character analysis
phylogenetics
characters that can be used to diagnose groups of organisms
apomorphic
choanoflaggellate tissues
absent
porifera tissues
absent
cnidaria tissue
present
platyhelmiinthyes tissue
present
rotifera tissues
present
nematoda tissues
present
arthropoda tissues
present
mollusca tissues
present
annelida tissues
present
echinodermata tissues
present
chordata tissues
present
choanoflagellate triploblastic embryo
absent
porifera triploblastic embryo
absent
cnidaria triploblastic embryo
absent
platyhemintheys triploblastic embryo
present
rotifera triploblastic embryo
present
nematoda triploblastic embryo
present
arthropoda triploblastic embryo
present
mollusca triploblastic embryo
present
annelida triploblastic embryo
present
echinodermata triploblastic embryo
present
chrodata triploblastic embryo
present
choanoflagellates body cavity
absent
porifera body cavity
absent
cnidaria body cavity
absent
platyhelmintheys body cavity
absent
rotifera body cavity
present
nematoda body cavity
present
arthropoda body cavity
present
mollusca body cavity
present
annelida body cavity
present
echinodermata body cavity
present
chordata body cavity
present
Choanaflagellate complete digestive tract
Absent
Porifera complete digestive tract
Absent
Cnidaria complete digestive tract
Absent
Platyhelmintheys complete digestive tract
Absent
Rotifera complete digestive tract
Present
Nematoda complete digestive tract
Present
Arthropoda complete digestive tract
Present
Mollusca complete digestive tract
Present
Annelida complete digestive tract
Present
Echinodermata complete digestive tract
Present
Chordata complete digestive tract
Present
Choanaflagellates true coelom
Absent
Porifera true coelom
Absent
Cnidaria true coelom
Absent
Platyhelminthyes true coelom
Absent
Rotifera true coelom
Absent
Nematoda true coelom
Absent
Arthropoda true coelom
Present
Mollusca true coelom
Present
Annelida true coelom
Present
Echinodermata true coelom
Present
Chordata true coelom
Present
Choanaflagellates blastopore anus
Absent
Porifera blastopore anus
Absent
Cnidaria blastopore anus
Absent
Platyhelminthyes blastopore anus
Absent
Rotifera blastopore anus
Absent
Nematoda blastopore anus
Absent
Arthropoda blastopore anus
Absent
Mollusca blastopore anus
Absent
Annelida blastopore anus
Absent
Echinodermata blastopore anus
Present
Chordata blastopore anus
Present
Choanaflagellates enterocoely
Absent
Porifera eterocoely
Absent
Cnidaria enterocoely
Absent
Platyhelminthyes enterocoely
Absent
Rotifera enterocoely
Absent
Nematoda enterocoely
Absent
Arhtropoda enterocoely
Absent
Annelida enterocoely
Absent
Echinodermata enterocoely
Present
Chordata enterocoely
Present
Choanaflagellates radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Porifera radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Cnidaria radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Platyhelminthyes radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Rotifera radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Nematoda radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Arthropoda radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Mollusca radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Annelida radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
Echinodermata radial and intermediate cleavage
Present
Chordata radial and intermediate cleavage
Present
Choanaflagellates body symmetry
Radial
Porifera body symmetry
Radial
Cnidaria body symmetry
Radial
Platyhelminthyes body symmetry
Bilateral
Rotifera body symmetry
Bilateral
Nematoda body symmetry
Bilateral
Arthropoda body symmetry
Bilateral
Mollusca body symmetry
Bilateral
Annelida body symmetry
Bilateral
Echinodermata body symmetry
Bilateral: larva
Radial: adult
Chordata body symmetry
Bilateral
Choanaflagellates ecdysis
Absent
Porifera ecdysis
Absent
Cnidaria ecdysis
Absent
Platyhelminthyes ecdysis
Absent
Rotifera ecdysis
Absent
Nematoda ecdysis
Presnet
Arthropoda ecdysis
Present
Mollusca ecdysis
Absent
Annelida ecdysis
Absent
Echinodermata ecdysis
Absent
Chordata ecdysis
Absent
Choanaflagellates trochophore larvae
Absent
Porifera trochophore larvae
Absent
Cnidaria trochophore larvae
Absent
Platyhelminthyes trochophore larvae
Absent
Rotifera trochophore larvae
Absent
Nematoda trochophore larvae
Abent
Arthropoda trochophore larvae
Absent
Mollusca trochophore larvae
Present
Annelida trochophore larvae
Present
Echnidermata trochophore larvae
Absent
Chordata trochophore larvae
Absent
Descent with modification
Evolution
Descent entails an ancestor and its descendants
Genealogy
A change in characteristic or attribute in the descendant relative to the ancestor
Modification
Unmodified
Ancestral
Modified
Derived, descendant
An observable trait of an organism
Character
Characters in two or more species are derived from the same structure in a common ancestor; characters used for analysis must be this
Homologous
A new or descendant character state
Apomorphy
When an apomorphy is found in two or more taxa it is called a
Synapomorphy
A shared derived trait
Synapomorphy
Ancestral character state
Plesiomorphy
A shared ancestral character state
Symplesiomoprhy
Differentiated cell layers; animals with this may be diplo- or triploblastic
Tissue development
Animals have three germ layers that form early in embryonic development: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Triploblastic embryo
An internal body space lined either completely or incompletely by mesoderm
Body cavity
Characterized by the presence of both an oral and an anal orifice.
Complete digestive tract
Lining of the body cavity is complete in both sides of the body cavity are covered by
Complete mesoderm lining
In some animals with a complete digestive tract and a complete lining of the mesoderm, this develops into this
Blastopore develops into anus
In animals with a completely lining of the mesoderm, this development of the coelom if lining occurs via folding and differentiation of cells in the archenteron. The archenteron is the precursor to the lining of the gut formed during gastrulation
Enterocoely
Gut cavity
Archenteron
Cell division during animal embryogenesis
Cleavage
Characterized by planes of cell division that are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo.
Radial cleavage
Characterized by the ability of cells produced in early embryogenesis to develop into complete embryos (this explains twins)
Intermediate cleavage
Animal body symmetry can be dichotomies as either (x) or (x)
Radial or bilateral
Some animals shed, at some stage in their development, an exoskeleton or cuticle structure
Ecdysis
Some animals produce a stage that bears a tuft of flagella/cilia
Trochophore larval stage
Porifera
Sponge
Cnidaria
Jellyfish
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Rotifera
Microscopic invertebrate
Nematoda
Roundworms
Mollusca
Snails
Arthropoda
Bugs
Annelida
Earthworms
Echinodermata
Sea stars
Chordata
Reptiles
s the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches
Convergent evolution
the result of convergent evolution. Birds and bats did not inherit wings from a common ancestor with wings, but they did inherit forelimbs from a common ancestor with forelimbs.
Analogous characters
the scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way, especially with reference to alternative evolutionary pathways.
Principle of parsimony
(of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.
Monophyletic
(of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.
Polyphyletic
Defined as differentiated cell layers
Tissue development
Tissue development can be
Diploblastic or triploblastic
Animals have three germ layers that form early in embryonic development
Triploblastic embryo
Three germ layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
An internal body space lined either completely or incompletely by mesoderm
Body cavity
Characterized by the presence of both an oral and an anal orifice; some lack this entirely or possess one with a single orifice
Complete digestives tract
In th3ese animals, it of the body cavity is complete in that both sides of the cavity are covered by the middle germ layer
Complete mesoderm lining
In some animals with a complete digestive tract and a complete lining of the mesoderm, this formed by gastrulation of the animal embryo ultimately functions as this
Blastopore devlops into anus
In animals with a complete lining of the mesoderm, this development of the coelomic lining occurs via folding and differentiation of cells in the archenteron. The archenteron is the precursor to the lining of the gut formed during gastrulation
Enterocoely
Gut cavity
Archenteron
Cell division during animal embryogenesis
Cleavage
Characterized by planes of cell division that are either parallele or perpendicular tot he vertical axis of the embryo (other animals may have planes of cell division that are diagonal to eh vertical axis of the embryo)
Radial cleavageradial cleavage
Characterized by the ability of cells produced in early embryogenesis to develop into complete embryos (this explains the phenomenon of twins in some animals– other animals possess embryonic cells with predetermined fates)
Indeterminate cleavage
Animal body symmetry can be dichotomies as either
Radial or bilateral
Some animals shed, at some point in their development, an exoskeletal or cuticle structure
Edysis
Some animals produce a stage that beards a tuft of flagella/cilia, referred to as
Trochophore Larval stage
Number of teeth ancestral
36
Post orbital closure ancestral
Open
Skull ridge presence ancestral
Yes
Two skull ridges ancestral
Yes
Shape of mandible ancestral
Shallow
Mental foramen location ancestral
5
Tail ancestral
Yes
Lemur number of teeth
Ancestral 36
Howler monkey number of teeth
Ancestral 36
Gorilla number of teeth
Derived 32
Human number of teeth
Derived 32
Woolley monkey number of teeth
Ancestral 36
Macaque number of teeth
Derived 32
Chimpanzee number of teeth
Derived 32
Orangutan number of teeth
Derived 32
Lemur post orbital closure
Ancestral open
Howler monkey post orbital closure
Derived closed
Gorilla post orbital closure
Derived closed
Human post orbital closure
Derived closed
Woolly monkey post orbital closure
Derived closed
Macaque post orbital closure
Derived closed
Chimpanzee post orbital closure
Derived closed
Orangutan post orbital closure
Derived closed
Lemur skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Howler monkey skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Gorilla skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Human skull ridge presence
Derived absent
Woolly monkey skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Macaque skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Chimpanzee skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Orangutan skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
Lemur two skull ridges
Ancestral present
Howler monkey two skull ridges
Ancestral present
Gorilla two skull ridges
Derived absent
Human two skull ridges
Derived absent
Woolly monkey two skull ridges
Ancestral present
Macaque two skul ridges
Ancestral present
Chimpanzee two skull ridges
Derived absent
Orangutan two skull ridges
Derived absent
Lemur shape for mandible
Ancestral shallow
Howler monkey shape of mandible
Derived deep
Gorilla shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
Human shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
Woolly monkey shape of mandible
Derived deep
Macaque shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
Chimpanzee shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
Orangutan shape of mandible
Derived deep
Lemur mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
Howler monkey foramen location
Derived 4
Gorilla mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
Human mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
Woolly monkey mental foramen location
Derived 4
Macaque mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
Chimpanzee mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
Orangutan mental foramen location
Derived 4
Lemur cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
Howler cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
Gorilla cranial capacity ratio
Derived
Human cranial capacity ratio
Derived
Woolly monkey cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
Macaque cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
Chimpanzee cranial capacity ratio
Derived
Orangutan cranial capacity ratio
Derived
Lemur tail
Ancestral present
Howler monkey tail
Ancestral present
Gorilla tail
Derived absent
Human tail
Derived absent
Woolly monkey tail
Ancestral present
Macaque tail
Ancestral present
Chimpanzee tail
Derived absent
Orangutan tail
Derived absent
reasons to have a complete digestive system
specialization, continuous feeders
if mobile, want sensory organs to be
in the head
if sedatary, want sensory organs to be
widely dispersed
protostomes have (x) cleavagge
spiral and determinate
deutrosomes have (x( cleavage
radial and indeterminate
a muscular, thick-walled part of a bird’s stomach for grinding food, typically with grit.
gizzard
easiest to make and least energy of nitrogenous waste products
ammonia
most water used, nitrogenous waste products
ammonioa
hardest to make of nitrogenous waste products
uric acid
nitrogenous waste products, least amount of water
uric acid
internal egg, came about when life went onto land, internal lake
amniotic egg
amphibian skull joint
two
mammal skull joint
two
bird skull joint
one
lizard skull joint
one
snake skull joint
one
turtle skulljoint
one
alligator skull joint
one
amphibian hind digits
five
mammal hind digits
five
bird hind digits
four
lizard hind digits
five
snake hind digits
zero
turtle hind digits
five
alligator hind digits
four
amphibian gizzard
absent
mammal gizzard
absent
bird gizzard
present
lizard gizzard
absent
snake gizzard
absent
turtle gizzard
absent
alligator gizzard
present
amphibian bladder
present
mammal bladder
present
bird bladder
absent
lizard bladder
present
snake bladder
present
turtle bladder
present
alliagator bladder
absetn
amphibian wast type
urea
mammal waste type
urea
bird waste type
urea
bird waste type
uric acid
lizard waste type
uric acid
snake waste type
uric acid
turtle waste tyep
uric acid
alligator waste type
uric acid
amphibian metabolism
ecthothermy
mammal metabolism
endothermy
bird metabolism
endothermy
lizard metabolism
ectothermy
snake metabolism
ectothermy
turtle metabolism
ectothermy
alligator metabolism
ectothermy
amphibian egg w/ membrane
absent
mammal egg w/ membrane
present
bird egg w/ membrane
present
lizard egg w/ membrane
present
snake egg w/ membrane
presetn
turtle egg w/ membrane
present
alligator egg w/ membrane
prsetn
amphibian hemipenis
absent
mammal hemipenis
absetn
bird hemipenis
absent
lizard hemipenis
present
snake hemipenis
present
turtle hemipensi
absent
alligator hemipenis
absent
amphibian quadrate fusion
present
mammal quadrate fusion
present
bird quadrate fusion
present
lizard quadrate fusion
absetn
snake quadrate fusion
absetn
turtle quadrate fusion
present
alligator quadrate fusion
present
amphibian temporal holes
zero
mammal temporal hoels
one
bird temporal holes
two
lizard temporal hoels
two
snake temporal holes
two
turtle temporal hoels
zero
alligator temporal hoels
two
no holese
anapsid
one hole
synapsid
two holes
diapsid
outgroup in animals
amphibian
