Lab 8 Flashcards
In most animals digestion is
Extracellulr
4 main tissue types
Epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands
Epithelium
Joins and holds tissues together; supports and protects the body and its organs
Connective
Movement
Muscular
Receives stimuli and generates nerve impulses
Nervous
Shortening of muscles causes
Movement
Most common cell type in humans
Squamous stratified
More than one layer
Stratified
1 layer
Simple
Flat and thin, scale
Shaped
Squamous
Square shaped
Cubodial
Rectangle shaped
Columnar
Max exchange, least protective
Simple squamos
Look like fried eggs, different shapes, packed tight
Simple squamos
Ex: in alveoli
Simple squamos
Ex: lines intestines
Simple
Columnar
Smallest in body that uses mucus, white empty space
Goblet cells
Developing cells
Blast
Mature cells
Cyste
Breaking down cells
Class
Osteo
Bone
Widely scattered matrix
Connective tissue
Stretchy
Elastin
Hair like
Elastin
Ropy
Collagen
Fat cells
Adipose
Looks like chicken wire
Adipose
Energy storage, insulation, shock absorption
Adipose
Fond in tendons and ligaments
Dense regular (fibrous)- collegen
Found on end of bone on joints, frictionless
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant cartilage in the body
Hyaline cartilage
Circular patterns
Compact bone
Opening in compact bone function
Central canal brings blood and nutrients through the bone
Each layer in compact bone
Lamela
Blood is a type of
Connective tissue
Blood matrix
Plasma
90% water, yellow
Plasma
Arithmocytes
Red blood cell
Carry oxygen
Hemoglobin
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Attached to bones, voluntary
Skeletal
Help digestive
Smooth
Found only in heart
Cardiac
Uninucelsus, striations, intercalated discs
Cardiac
Parts of neurons
Axon, cell body, dendrites
Lemurs, lorisoids, tarsiers
Prosimians
Monkeys, apes, hominins
Simians
Wet noses primates; lemur and lorisoid prosimians
Strepsirrhini
Dry noses primates; tarsiers and simians
Haplorhini
Madagascar; tooth comb
Lemur
Central and South America; prehensile tails; trichromatic color vision
Alouatta, howler monkey
Central Africa, largest primate, knuckleballers, silverback makes
Gorillas
Northern South Africa, prehensile tails
Lagothrix, woolly monkey
S Asia to n Africa
Macaca, macaque
W and central Africa, knucklewalkers
Pan, chimpanzee
Indonesia, Malaysia, fist walkers, males have cheek flaps
Pongo, orangutan
Teeth parallel to table top
Shallow
Foramen
Hole
Mental
Chin
Cells of similar structure and function make up
Tissue
Group of tissues integrated to form an
Organ
Organized through the interaction of several organs in the performance of a defined function
Organ system
Several organ systems
Organism
Covers all body surfaces internally and externally. Formed tight together to form a continuous barrier; protection, absorption, sensation, secretion
Epithelial
Epithelial tissue can be
squamos, cubodial, columnar
Covering of the ovaries, ducts of glands; functions in both absorption and secretion
Simple cubodial epithelium
Lines digestive tract; secretion, absorption, protection.
Simple columnar epithelium
Found in simple columnar epithelium, clear case dshaoed interior; unicellular glands and secrete mucus onto the epithelial surface to lubricate and promote the movement of materials
Goblet cells
Found In areas subject to abrasion and friction
Stratified epithelium
Found in lining of mouth and esophagus
Stratified squamos
Characterized by having a relatively small number of cells associated with large amounts of intercellular material
Connective tissue
Secreted by the cells of connective tissue and imparts many of the characteristics of particular connective tissue
Intercellular matrix
May be a solid, gel, or liquid plus protein fibers. Varies with the type of connective tissue.
Ground substance
Chondro
Cartilage
One of the most abundant tissues in the body. Composed of variety of cells such as macrophages and mast cells, types of white blood cells in the immune system. All three types of fiber are present. Loose connective tissue. Found in membranes that line cavities an hold skin to underlying muscle tissue
Areolar tissue
Connective tissue cell
Fibrocyte
Store lipids in large vesicles
Adipocytes
arrangement of fibers are parallel
regular
arrangement of fibers are random
irregular
intersereced among the fibers
fibrocytes
this type of dense fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibers is very strong and makes up tendons and ligaments
regular
connects muscle ot bone
tendon
connecting bone to bone
ligaments
this type of dense fibrous connective tissue forms ht esecond layer of the ksin, covering for muscles and organs
irregualr
supportive connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
cartilage
isolated in cavities called lacunae in the intercellular matrix
chondrocytes
most common type of cartilage that covers the end of bone at joints
hyaline cartilage
matrix is filled with collagen fibers and has smooth, milky appearange
htaline cartilage
support and protection with a matrix hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate
bone
functions as a site of blood formation and the matrix of bone is a resevoir for minerals such as calcium a nd phosporous that the body can draw on for physiological processes usch as nerve transmission and blood clotting
bone marrow
two types of bones
compact and cancellous (spongy)
cancellous bone is found
at the ends
compact bone is found
shaft
the basic unit in ground bone
osteon
concentric layers in osteon
lamellae
consists of concentric layers of matrix arranged around a central canal
osteon
delivers blood with nutrients and oxygen to the bone cells
central canal
bone cells
osteocytes
located in lacunae
osteocytes
tinyt channels through the matrix that allow cytoplasmic processes on the osteocytes to connect with aeach other even though they are seemingly separated in lacunae
canaliculi
storage, transport, immunity
blood
blood is consisted of these cells
formed elements and liquid matrix of yellow plasma
55 percent of blood is
plasma
is 92 percent water and contains proteins, plus 1 percent of nutrients, gases, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, and waste material
plasma
red blood cells
erthrocytes
most numerous of all blood cells and functioin int he transport of oxygen
erthrocytes
blood is red due to
hemoglobin
shape of red blood cells is
biconcave disc
white blood cells
leukocytes
function in athe defense against disease
leukocytes
containing numerous granules in the cytoplasm
granulocytes
lacking noticeable cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
2-5 lobed purple nucleus with thin strands connecting each lobe; granulocytes; cytoplasm is filled with pink-stained granules; most numerou sleukocyte found in normal blood
neutrophil
a bilobed purple nucleus and numerous red-stained granules in the cytoplasm
eosinphil
characterized by a purple bi-lobed nucleus which is almost hidden by the presense of many, large blue stained cytoplasmic granules
basohils
two types of agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
second most common type of leukocyte
lymphocytes
slightly larger than an erthrocyte and are nucleated witha large nucleus filling up most of the cytoplasm; produce antibodies, immune proteins
lymphocytes
2-3 times larger than an erythrocyte with a nucleus which varies from round to kidney shaped
monocytes
movement results from contractioin of these cells
muscle tissue
these are very long and narrow cells and are referred to as fibers
muscle cells
three types of muscles
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
large, long multinucleate rods; nuclei are oval shaped and can be found along the periphery of the fibers
sksletals
striated because the cells whow alternating dark and light bands as a result of the configuration of contractile proteins within the fiber; fibers are parellel to each other
skeletal muscle
capable of acting quickly with considerable force over a short period of time; volunatary; attatched to bones
skeletal muscle
tissue found only in the vertebrate heart where it function sto supply the pumping action of the heart
cardiac muscle
uninucleate, involuntary, striated; capable of initiaing itw own rhythmic contractions; joined to each other by darker cross bands, actually gap junctions
cardiac muscle
gap junctions joined together by darker bands
intercalated disks
Short, spindle shapes (thick in middle and taperin ends) and uninucleate; lacks striations
Smooth muscle
Visceral muscle
Smooth
Performs functions like peristalsis and vasoconstriction; slow acting; involuntary
Smooth
Highly specialized; when stimulated, it is capable of transmitting a signal or impulse form one cell to another or to a muscle or gland
Nervous tissue
Single nerve cell
Neuron
Each neuron is consisted of
Cell ody, dendrites, and axons
Carry the nerve impulse toward the cell body
Dendrites
Carry the impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Nerve fibers
Axons
Can have more than one dendrite but only one axon; dendrites are shorter
Neuron
Neurons carrying impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) are referred to as
Sensory neurons
Those conducting impulses toward the muscles and other effector organs are
Motor neurons
Usually restricted to the central nervous system, and conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons
Association neurons
Collection of neurons
Nerve
max exchange
thin squamos
max protection
thick columnar
nucleus at ends
columnar
look at (x) for shape
top
anything long and thin is
fibers
cells called fibroblasts, makes up membranes
areolar tissue
connective tissue cells
fibroblasts
enery, insulation, shock aborbance
adipose, adipocytes
little dark dots on osteons
caniculi
