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Zool lab > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

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\\\\\\\\\\nbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbFoot postures in mammals

A

Plantigrade

Digitigrade

Unguligrade

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2
Q

Plantigrade

A

The entire foot is in contact with the ground

Plesiomorphic condition among mammals

Allows for good weight distribution and stability

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3
Q

Digitigrade

A

Only the fingers and toes and tips of the metacarpals/metatarsals (palm or sole) are in contact with the ground

Common in carnivorans like cats/dogs

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4
Q

Unguligrade

A

Only the hoof is in contact while walking

Allows for further lengthening of the limbs and an even greater stride length than digitigrade

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5
Q

Rabbit saltation (jumping or hopping) trait

A

Hind limb greatly enlarged with fore limb normal or reduced

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6
Q

Ricochetal

A

More extreme type of saltatory locomotion

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7
Q

Kangaroo ricochetal locomotion traits

A

Bipedal stance

Long tail to control balance

Enlarged tendons of the lower hind limb store energy as they stretch under the weight of the animal

The energy stored is released when they jump

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8
Q

Cursorial locomotion

A

Running/galloping

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9
Q

Cursorial adaptations (cat and deer)

A

Ribcage is narrow and deep- allows movement of the limbs beside the ribs without compressing lungs

Reduction in the lumbar (lower back) ribs enables greater flexibility of that region of the spine

The limbs are elongated-

Spinal column as a springe

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10
Q

Semi-fossorial

A

Spending some of their time underground

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11
Q

Fully fossorial

A

Spending most their lives underground

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12
Q

General fossorial adaptations (ground squirrel, armadillo)

A

Enlarged claws for digging

Body shape usually narrow

Chisel like teeth often employed in digging

Reduction in external body projections

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13
Q

Fully fossorial adaptations

(European mole, golden mole, marsupial mole)

A

Greatly enlarge forefeet and claws

Further reduction of external body projections including the tail, external ears, limbs and neck

Body shape often flattened

Increased development of pectoral and forelimb musculature

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14
Q

Arboreal locomotion

A

Movement along trees

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15
Q

Scansorial

A

Running along branches

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16
Q

Prime locomotion

A

Swinging and leaping from branches

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17
Q

Tree squirrel scansorial adaptations

A

Sharp, strong claws on all four feet provide grip and allow the lightweight squirrels to climb vertical surfaces

Large, long tails help provide balance

Have a patagium or sheet of skin connecting the fore and hind limbs

Allows for gliding

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18
Q

Primate adaptations related to leaping and swinging

A

Long limbs and a strong flexible back

Long hands and feet modified for grasping with opposable digits and nails instead of claws

Long tails often prehensile for grasping branches

Phalanges (bones of the digits) curved to better conform to branches

Eyes facing forward- increased depth perception aids in judging distance when leaping from branch of branch

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19
Q

Bat flight adaptations

A

Digits 2 through 5 of the forelimb greatly elongated forming the wing skeleton in combination with other bones of the limb

Patagium

Uropatagium

Flight is powered by both breast and back

Compact body with a short neck region helps position the center of gravity between the wings

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20
Q

Patagium

A

A sheet of skin stretched between digits 2-5 of the forelimb creates a membranous wing with a very large surface area relative to the body

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21
Q

Uropatagium

A

A sheet of skin stretched between the hindlimbs and tail created additional surface area and can contribute lift as well as steering during flight

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22
Q

Secondarily aquatic

A

Aquatic vertebrae has evolved from a terrestrial ancestor

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23
Q

Adaptations of secondarily aquatic organisms

A

Increased surface area to a varying degree

Feet may be webbed or modified into flippers

Modifications to fur to reduce friction (viscous drag) and trap a layer of air against skin

The tail may take a role of propulsion. With gravity no longer a force on the spinal column, the zygopophyses are reduced or lost, allowing greater flexibility of the spine in order to undulate the modified tail fluke

24
Q

Dolphins (secondary aquatic mammals), sharks (primarily aquatic fish), and extinct Ichthyosaurs (secondarily aquatic diapsid reptiles) show a great amount of

A

Convergent evolution

25
Q

General mammalian feeding adaptations

A

Synapsid skull

Jaw articulation

Heterodonty

Diphyodonty

Muscular tongue

Secondary palate

Muscular lips

26
Q

Synapsid skull

A

The temporal opening permits greater surface area for jaw muscle attachment

27
Q

Jaw articulation

A

Articulate between the dentary and squamosal

High jaw flexibility is associated with chewing

28
Q

Heterodonty

A

Variability of teeth

29
Q

Diphyodonty

A

Do not replace teeth but have two sets of teeth which are a result of differences between juveniles and adults

30
Q

Muscular tongue

A

Oral food processing increases with a highly muscular and mobile tongue

31
Q

Secondary palate

A

As endotherms, the metabolic requirements mean they spend a large amount of time processing food

Allows respiration to occur while feeding

32
Q

Muscular lips

A

Only mammals have lips that are muscular and capable of manipulating food

33
Q

Mammalian teeth types

A

Incisors

Canine

Premolars

Molars

34
Q

Incisors

A

The anterior- most teeth of the upper and lower jaws

Typically rectangular

Slicing or nipping

35
Q

Canine

A

Posterior to the incisors, more conical , pointed and frequently longer than other teeth

Piercing or gripping food

36
Q

Premolars

A

Typically have two tips (or cusps) premolars reside beside the canine

37
Q

Molars

A

Found at the back of tooth row, molars are usually the largest teeth in the jaw

Crushing food

38
Q

Brachydont

A

Teeth with a proportionately low crown relative to the root

When the jaws are closed, the cusps of brachydont teeth interlock tightly

This provides for both piercing and crushing food

39
Q

Three types of brachydont

A

Bunodont

Sectorial

Carnassial pair

40
Q

Bunodont

A

Molars of omnivores are usually bunodont, having low rounded cusps for grinding a variety of food

41
Q

Sectorial

A

Premolars and molars of carnivores are usually sectorial, providing many piercing or slicing occlusal surfaces

42
Q

Carnassial pair

A

Highly derived sectorial teeth of some carnivores

Act like blades of scissors

Includes the fourth upper premolar and first lower molar

43
Q

Hypsodont

A

Teeth with a high crown relative to the root

Herbivores that masticate (chew) highly durable or abrasive foods like grasses or branches to wear off occlusal surface

44
Q

Types of hypsodont teeth

A

Selenodont

Lophodont

45
Q

Selenodont

A

Highly crowned teeth with crescent shaped wear patterns in line with the jaw

46
Q

Lophodont

A

High crowned teeth with transverse (perpendicular to jaw axis) oriented wear patterns

47
Q

Ever growing incisors

A

Teeth that have evolved to endure extreme wear and continuously grow throughout one’s life

Some rodents have iron in the enamel of their incisors, increasing durability and giving it a orange appearance

48
Q

Diastema

A

A gap in the tooth row

Mammals that chew food for long periods often have a conspicuous gap between the incisors and premolars

Used to store food for short periods or to roll food into a ball to be moistened by saliva

49
Q

Pig tusks

A

Used in defense, aggression, foraging and display

Enlarged, ever growing canines

50
Q

Elephant tusks

A

Like pig tusks, elephant tusks are ever growing but are formed from incisors rather than canines

social dominance, defense, and foraging

51
Q

Walrus tusks

A

Enlarged, ever-growing canines

Display, defense, aggression, foraging and even locomotion

52
Q

Narwhal tusk

A

Sensory organ

53
Q

The teeth of harbor porpoise

A

Reduced and of uniform shape

Whales typically use water to aid in moving food into the esophagus and use their teeth only for prey capture

54
Q

Post-canine teeth of seals

A

Form a row of uniform triangular shapes with deep grooves along their margins

Allows water to be pushed out while retaining food when mouth is closed

55
Q

Baleen whales teeth

A

Have lost teeth altogether

Developed baleen

Filter organisms out of seawater

Zool lab (8 decks)

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