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Zool lab > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

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A

Plantigrade

Digitigrade

Unguligrade

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2
Q

Plantigrade

A

The entire foot is in contact with the ground

Plesiomorphic condition among mammals

Allows for good weight distribution and stability

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3
Q

Digitigrade

A

Only the fingers and toes and tips of the metacarpals/metatarsals (palm or sole) are in contact with the ground

Common in carnivorans like cats/dogs

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4
Q

Unguligrade

A

Only the hoof is in contact while walking

Allows for further lengthening of the limbs and an even greater stride length than digitigrade

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5
Q

Rabbit saltation (jumping or hopping) trait

A

Hind limb greatly enlarged with fore limb normal or reduced

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6
Q

Ricochetal

A

More extreme type of saltatory locomotion

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7
Q

Kangaroo ricochetal locomotion traits

A

Bipedal stance

Long tail to control balance

Enlarged tendons of the lower hind limb store energy as they stretch under the weight of the animal

The energy stored is released when they jump

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8
Q

Cursorial locomotion

A

Running/galloping

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9
Q

Cursorial adaptations (cat and deer)

A

Ribcage is narrow and deep- allows movement of the limbs beside the ribs without compressing lungs

Reduction in the lumbar (lower back) ribs enables greater flexibility of that region of the spine

The limbs are elongated-

Spinal column as a springe

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10
Q

Semi-fossorial

A

Spending some of their time underground

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11
Q

Fully fossorial

A

Spending most their lives underground

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12
Q

General fossorial adaptations (ground squirrel, armadillo)

A

Enlarged claws for digging

Body shape usually narrow

Chisel like teeth often employed in digging

Reduction in external body projections

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13
Q

Fully fossorial adaptations

(European mole, golden mole, marsupial mole)

A

Greatly enlarge forefeet and claws

Further reduction of external body projections including the tail, external ears, limbs and neck

Body shape often flattened

Increased development of pectoral and forelimb musculature

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14
Q

Arboreal locomotion

A

Movement along trees

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15
Q

Scansorial

A

Running along branches

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16
Q

Prime locomotion

A

Swinging and leaping from branches

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17
Q

Tree squirrel scansorial adaptations

A

Sharp, strong claws on all four feet provide grip and allow the lightweight squirrels to climb vertical surfaces

Large, long tails help provide balance

Have a patagium or sheet of skin connecting the fore and hind limbs

Allows for gliding

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18
Q

Primate adaptations related to leaping and swinging

A

Long limbs and a strong flexible back

Long hands and feet modified for grasping with opposable digits and nails instead of claws

Long tails often prehensile for grasping branches

Phalanges (bones of the digits) curved to better conform to branches

Eyes facing forward- increased depth perception aids in judging distance when leaping from branch of branch

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19
Q

Bat flight adaptations

A

Digits 2 through 5 of the forelimb greatly elongated forming the wing skeleton in combination with other bones of the limb

Patagium

Uropatagium

Flight is powered by both breast and back

Compact body with a short neck region helps position the center of gravity between the wings

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20
Q

Patagium

A

A sheet of skin stretched between digits 2-5 of the forelimb creates a membranous wing with a very large surface area relative to the body

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21
Q

Uropatagium

A

A sheet of skin stretched between the hindlimbs and tail created additional surface area and can contribute lift as well as steering during flight

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22
Q

Secondarily aquatic

A

Aquatic vertebrae has evolved from a terrestrial ancestor

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23
Q

Adaptations of secondarily aquatic organisms

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A

Increased surface area to a varying degree

Feet may be webbed or modified into flippers

Modifications to fur to reduce friction (viscous drag) and trap a layer of air against skin

The tail may take a role of propulsion. With gravity no longer a force on the spinal column, the zygopophyses are reduced or lost, allowing greater flexibility of the spine in order to undulate the modified tail fluke

24
Q

Dolphins (secondary aquatic mammals), sharks (primarily aquatic fish), and extinct Ichthyosaurs (secondarily aquatic diapsid reptiles) show a great amount of

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A

Convergent evolution

25
General mammalian feeding adaptations
Synapsid skull Jaw articulation Heterodonty Diphyodonty Muscular tongue Secondary palate Muscular lips
26
Synapsid skull
The temporal opening permits greater surface area for jaw muscle attachment
27
Jaw articulation
Articulate between the dentary and squamosal High jaw flexibility is associated with chewing
28
Heterodonty
Variability of teeth
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Diphyodonty
Do not replace teeth but have two sets of teeth which are a result of differences between juveniles and adults
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Muscular tongue
Oral food processing increases with a highly muscular and mobile tongue
31
Secondary palate
As endotherms, the metabolic requirements mean they spend a large amount of time processing food Allows respiration to occur while feeding
32
Muscular lips
Only mammals have lips that are muscular and capable of manipulating food
33
Mammalian teeth types
Incisors Canine Premolars Molars
34
Incisors
The anterior- most teeth of the upper and lower jaws Typically rectangular Slicing or nipping
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Canine
Posterior to the incisors, more conical , pointed and frequently longer than other teeth Piercing or gripping food
36
Premolars
Typically have two tips (or cusps) premolars reside beside the canine
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Molars
Found at the back of tooth row, molars are usually the largest teeth in the jaw Crushing food
38
Brachydont
Teeth with a proportionately low crown relative to the root When the jaws are closed, the cusps of brachydont teeth interlock tightly This provides for both piercing and crushing food
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Three types of brachydont
Bunodont Sectorial Carnassial pair
40
Bunodont
Molars of omnivores are usually bunodont, having low rounded cusps for grinding a variety of food
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Sectorial
Premolars and molars of carnivores are usually sectorial, providing many piercing or slicing occlusal surfaces
42
Carnassial pair
Highly derived sectorial teeth of some carnivores Act like blades of scissors Includes the fourth upper premolar and first lower molar
43
Hypsodont
Teeth with a high crown relative to the root Herbivores that masticate (chew) highly durable or abrasive foods like grasses or branches to wear off occlusal surface
44
Types of hypsodont teeth
Selenodont Lophodont
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Selenodont
Highly crowned teeth with crescent shaped wear patterns in line with the jaw
46
Lophodont
High crowned teeth with transverse (perpendicular to jaw axis) oriented wear patterns
47
Ever growing incisors
Teeth that have evolved to endure extreme wear and continuously grow throughout one's life Some rodents have iron in the enamel of their incisors, increasing durability and giving it a orange appearance
48
Diastema
A gap in the tooth row Mammals that chew food for long periods often have a conspicuous gap between the incisors and premolars Used to store food for short periods or to roll food into a ball to be moistened by saliva
49
Pig tusks
Used in defense, aggression, foraging and display Enlarged, ever growing canines
50
Elephant tusks
Like pig tusks, elephant tusks are ever growing but are formed from incisors rather than canines social dominance, defense, and foraging
51
Walrus tusks
Enlarged, ever-growing canines Display, defense, aggression, foraging and even locomotion
52
Narwhal tusk
Sensory organ
53
The teeth of harbor porpoise
Reduced and of uniform shape Whales typically use water to aid in moving food into the esophagus and use their teeth only for prey capture
54
Post-canine teeth of seals
Form a row of uniform triangular shapes with deep grooves along their margins Allows water to be pushed out while retaining food when mouth is closed
55
Baleen whales teeth
Have lost teeth altogether Developed baleen Filter organisms out of seawater

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