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Zool lab > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Bird flight adaptations

A

Digits greatly reduced/lost

Feathers

Pygostyle

Flight is powered mainly by breast muscles

Keeled sternum

Pneumatized bones

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2
Q

Digits greatly reduced/lost

A

Only digits 1 through 3 contribute to wing skeleton

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3
Q

Feathers

A

Make up bulk of wing and tail

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4
Q

Pygostyle

A

Bones of tail reduced and modified

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5
Q

Keeled sternum

A

Concentration of muscle placed on keeled sternum keeps center of gravity low and aligned with wings

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6
Q

Pneumatized bones

A

The hollow structure of bird’s bones help to lighten the skeleton

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7
Q

Wing basic structures

A

Alula

Primary wing slotting

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8
Q

Alula

A

The first digits of a bird’s wing bears the alula

When spread away from the rest of the wing and angled the alula created a wing slot that redirect air over the upper surface of the wing

This prevents stalling when the main airfoil of the wing is pointing upward

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9
Q

Primary wing slotting

A

The primary feathers of some birds have a distinct constriction near the tips

When spread out, they create wing slots which reduce drag created by vortices at the wing tips

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10
Q

Aspect ratio

A

Simply the ratio between the length and width of the wing

A long narrow wing will have a high aspect ratio

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11
Q

Camber

A

The ventral concavity of the wings surface

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12
Q

Wing types

A

Elliptical

High speed

High aspect ratio

High lift

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13
Q

Elliptical wings

A

Wings with a low aspect ratio

Typical of birds that inhabit dense environments such as forests

Elliptical wings maximize surface area and lift

Enables a high degree of maneuverability in a compact form

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14
Q

High speed wings

A

Wings with a medium/high aspect ratio and very low camber

Maximize thrust and have a reduced surface area and camber making it easier to rapidly beat the wing

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15
Q

High aspect ratio wings

A

Excellent air foils (like plane wings) but stay at low speeds

Long distance birds

Rely on consistent strong winds to increase the air speed moving over the wing enabling the bird to stay aloft by angling the wing upward

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16
Q

High lift wings

A

Wings with a medium aspect ratio, high camber and obvious primary wing slotting

Maximize lift generated with each wing beat or from upward moving air currents

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17
Q

Soaring types

A

Static soaring

Dynamic soaring

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18
Q

Static soaring

A

static soarers keep aloft by seeking out air currents that rise vertically as a result of hot air rising or of deflection off a large obstruction

Fly in a circle above the rising current

Will glide between pillars of rising air to glide

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19
Q

Dynamic soaring

A

Angle their wings upward in opposition to horizontally directed wind currents to quickly gain altitude

Once high enough, the bird will glide downward in the direction of their choosing

When altitude becomes low, the bird will again direct itself into the wind, repeating the cycle as before

Have high aspect ratio wings

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20
Q

Bird skull features

A

Modified diapsid

Cranial kinesis

Loss of teeth

Keratinized beak

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21
Q

Modified diapside

A

Reduction and loss of temporal bars associated with reduced bite-force and increased flexibility compared to other archosaurs

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22
Q

Cranial kinesis

A

The skulls of most birds are highly kinetic

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23
Q

Loss of teeth

A

Often cited as a weight reducing adaptation

24
Q

Keratinized beak

A

Much lighter than teeth

Food acquisition and processing

25
Q

Carnivorous bird bills

A

Relatively short, strong and hooked at the tip

26
Q

Carrion feeders bills

A

Very similar to carnivorous but still slightly longer for more efficient removal of flesh from a carcass

27
Q

Fish eater beaks

Serrated

A

Narrow bill with serrations for shearing flesh and a hooked tip to help grip struggling fish

28
Q

Fish eater beaks

Dagger shaped

A

Long, strong, pointed bill used for spearing and killing fish

29
Q

Fish eater beaks

Pelican

A

Capable of capturing large prey and includes a lard throat pouch which can expand the mouth cavity to accommodate large fish

Hooked tip

30
Q

Probing bills

A

Used to probe substrates for invertebrates

More sensitive and flexible (cranial kinesis)

Capable of opening at the tip to better manipulate or grasp food

31
Q

Sieves

A

Some wading birds use bristle along the bill margin to filter out invertebrates from the substrate

32
Q

Insect eaters bills

Small thin

A

Bills are for insect generalists

Thin bills are usually needle-like, for probing, or slightly hooked at the tip for catching fast moving insects

33
Q

Insect eater bills

Triangular bill

A

Have a broad base and correspondingly large gape when fully opened

Typical of birds that catch insects in mid-air triangular bills are often accompanied by bristle-like sensory feathers surrounding the mouth

34
Q

Insect eater bills

Chisel shaped

A

Long bills that are pointed and strong and used for boring holes into wood in search of insects

35
Q

Fruit eater bills

A

Generally short bill with wide gape for whole berries

36
Q

Seed eater bills

A

Typically short, strong and conical, seed eating bills vary in size according to the seeds eaten

37
Q

Cross-bills

A

A specialized form of seed eater, crossbills spread the upper bills laterally in order to extract seeds from cones

38
Q

Nectar feeding bills

A

Long, extremely thin bills correlate with type of flower fed upon

39
Q

Grazer bills

A

Generalist feeding on buds, berries leaves and insects usually have chicken-like beak

Many ducks and geese graze on aquatic or terrestrial plants using lamellae to grip and cut

40
Q

Carnivorous bird feet

Raptorial feet

A

Sharp, strong recurved claws used to immobilize, kill and transport large animals

41
Q

Advantages of auditory communication

A

Sound passes around objects and vegetation

Can provide greater specificity and complexity than chemical communication

Can be precisely timed

Effective at night or in dark environments

Can travel over long distances

42
Q

Disadvantages of auditory communication

A

Sound may alert predators to the location of the sender

Calls can be energetically expensive to produce

43
Q

Plumage

A

Compliment of feathers

44
Q

Types of feathers

A

Contour

Semiplume

Filiplume

Bristles

Down

45
Q

Contour includes

A

Remiges (asymmetrical flight feathers of the wing)

Rectrices (symmetrical tail feathers)

46
Q

Contour feathers

A

Contour feathers define the outer shape of the bird’s plumage

47
Q

Semiplume feathers

A

Structurally between contour and down feathers, mostly used as insulation

48
Q

Filoplume

A

Thin elongate feathers that have a proprioceptive (sense position of other feathers) function and may provide sensory info related to wind speed/direction

49
Q

Bristles

A

Short hair-like structures used as tactile sensory organs

50
Q

Down feathers

A

Short unstructured feathers positioned under contour and semiplume feathers for insulation

51
Q

Scales

A

Epidermal scales cover the exposed legs and feet

52
Q

Modified scales

A

Bird foot morphology is variable and tied to different forms of locomotion

53
Q

Claws and talons

A

Homologous with the claws of other amniotes bird claws are composed of an unguis and subunguis

54
Q

PIgments

A

Melanin (brown and blacks)

Carotenoids (bright yellows/reds)

Porphyrins (Red/brown/green)

55
Q

Structural coloration

A

Internal structure of the feather causes certain wavelengths of light to be reflected

Most blues, greens and iridescence rely on structural coloration

Zool lab (8 decks)

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