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Zool lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Generalized tetrapod locomotion

A

Fore and hind limbs roughly equal in length and relatively small compared to the body size

Limbs splayed outward from the body

Zygopophyses of the vertebral column are small providing some support

Body only slightly elevated off the ground during movement

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2
Q

Advantages of snake locomotion

A

The ability to move through dense vegetation or in tight spaces

Movement is relatively quiet when compared to limbed lizards

Serpentine movements works well in water much like anguilliform swimming

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3
Q

Locomotion of snakes

A

Complete loss of pectoral pelvic girdles and limbs

Dramatic elongation of the thoracic region of the vertebral column

Loss of sternum- ribs only attached to vertebrae

Ribs elongate and in contact with ground

Specialized ventral scales called scutes

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4
Q

5 types of snake locomotion

A

Serpentine

Rectilinear

Concertina

Sidewinding

Lass locomotion

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5
Q

Serpentine

A

Like anguilliform swimming

Move in a s-shaped curve

Simplest and fastest form of locomotion

Used by snakes that swim too

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6
Q

Rectilinear

A

Allows the snake to move forward when lateral undulations are restricted

Using bands of muscles that attach the scutes to the ribs, the snake inches each scute forward and presses it down on the substrate while lifting up and advancing the next scute

The pattern is repeated to slowly advance

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7
Q

Concertina

A

Employed in tight spaces where some lateral movement is available

The posterior part of the body forms curves that press laterally, anchoring the snake against the wall while the anterior end extends forward.

The anterior end then does this step and this cycle is repeated

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8
Q

Sidewinding

A

Employed by snakes that need to move over very sandy and loose soils

Snake’s body is raised off of substrate, leaving only two or three points of contact

Loops of the body held off the ground move forward along successive points of contact creating a distinct track way of separate depressions in the sand

Also maintains temp with limited contact on the ground

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9
Q

Lass locomotion

A

Snake creates a lass-like loop around trees or poles

Snake grips the structure and moves its body upward

Energetically expensive

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10
Q

Frog features for locomotion

A

Hind limb greatly enlarged while fore limb is smaller or reduced

Shortened vertebral column with not ribs

Loss of tail

Pelvic girdle elongate robust

Fusion of several caudal vertebrae into Urostyle

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11
Q

Feeding adaptations

A

Eyes placed high on head

Pedicellate teeth

Muscular tongue

No secondary palate

Tadpoles

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12
Q

Eyes placed high on head

A

Many amphibians are ambush predators who obscure their bodies under the water’s surface

Eyes placed on the top of the head allow them to watch for prey above the water

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13
Q

Pedicellate teeth

A

Unique to lissamphibians

Small teeth functioned to grip

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14
Q

Muscular tongue

A

Most anurans (frogs/toads)

Some urodeles (salamanders)

Extend the tongue during prey capture

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15
Q

No secondary palate

A

Allows specialized muscles to draw the eyes downward into oral cavity

Many anurans use their eyes to aid in swallowing

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16
Q

Tadpoles

A

Most larval amphibians are herbivorous

Adult amphibians are carnivorous

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17
Q

Anapsids

A

No openings in the skull

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18
Q

Synapsids

A

One opening in the skull

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19
Q

Diapsids

A

2 openings in the skull

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20
Q

Turtle feeding structures

A

Anapsid skull

Keratinized beaks

Muscular tongue

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21
Q

Anapsid skull turtle

A

Because turtles and tortoises feed on soft foods that are swallowed whole

As a result a stronger bite force isn’t required

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22
Q

Keratinized beaks turtles and tortoises

A

Turtles lack teeth but use a sharp beak to slice or crush their food

Many turtles have keratinized structures such as plates for crushing or sharp tooth-like spines to prevent escape

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23
Q

Muscular tongue (turtles and tortoises)

A

Non-protrusible tongue and is used to transport food into the esophagus

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24
Q

Lizard feeding adaptations

A

Diapsid skull

Cranial kinesis

Well developed teeth

Protrusible tongues

Jacobsen’s organ

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25
Q

Diapsid skull lizards

A

The two temporal fenestrae allow for greater muscles attachment and connection related expansion

Provides increased bite-force

Loss of the lower temporal bar allows for greater flexibility in the skull

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26
Q

Cranial kinesis lizards

A

Independent movement of parts of the cranium

Larger mouth opening but may also act in absorbing impact forces created by rapid jaw closure or struggling prey

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27
Q

Well developed teeth lizards

A

Continually replaced

Pointed and slightly curves

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28
Q

Protrusible tongues lizards

A

May be used for prey capture or olfaction

29
Q

Jacobsen’s organ

A

Pocket of nasal sensory tissue

Shared with many mammals

Picks up scent molecules from the environment and delivers them directly to the Jacobsen’s organ

30
Q

Snake feeding adaptations

A

Diapsid skull highly modified

Extreme cranial kinesis

Constriction

Venom

31
Q

Diapsid skull highly modified snakes

A

Loss of the upper and lower temporal bars is associated with increased mobility of the snake cranium

32
Q

Extreme cranial kinesis snakes

A

Snake skulls are extremely flexible and capable of complex movements associated with swallowing large prey whole

Lack of contact between left and right halves of lower jaw

One negative of this is snake skulls are fragile

33
Q

Constriction snakes

A

Suffocating prey to make consuming easier

34
Q

Venom snakes

A

Deliver toxins to incapacitate prey and then swallow whole

35
Q

Crocodilian feeding features

A

Diapsid skull

Eyes dorsal

Strongly socketed teeth

Rostrum shape

Secondary palate

36
Q

Diapsid skull crocs

A

Two temporal fenestrae make robust jaw closing strong

37
Q

Strongly socketed teeth

A

Replace teeth continuously

Teeth are deeply and firmly socketed

Sharp conical teeth

38
Q

Rostrum shape

A

The shape of the snout is highly correlated to the type of prey they feed on

Broad snouted crocs prey on relatively large vertebrates and the shape of their rostrums may maximize gape size and structural strength

Narrow snouted crocs eat fish and allow for more rapid movement and jaw closure under water

39
Q

Secondary palate crocs

A

Allows them to continue breathing while keeping their mouth open under water but also protects the brain and sensory structures of the head from damage due to large, struggling or hard-bodied prey in the mouth

40
Q

Advantages of auditory communication

amphibians

A

Sound passes around objects and vegetation

Can provide greater specificity and complexity than chemical communication

Can be precisely timed

Effective at night or in dark environments

Can travel over long distances

41
Q

Disadvantages of auditory communication

amphibians

A

Sound may alert predators

Calls can be energetically expensive

42
Q

Cryptic coloration types

amphibians

A

Camouflage

Countershading

43
Q

Camouflage

A

Pigmentation that matches well with their environment

44
Q

Countershading

amphibians

A

Like many aquatic and semi-aquatic vertebrates, amphibians often display a dark dorsal surface and lighter ventral surface

45
Q

Aposematic coloration

amphibians

A

Highly poisonous frogs are brightly colored to warn off predators

46
Q

Mimicry

amphibians

A

Adaptations of colors and patterns to make an individual appear to be of different species in order to deceive predators

47
Q

Threat mimicry

A

Mimics another animal that poses a threat to the predator

48
Q

Aposematic mimicry

A

The individual mimics the coloration of a toxic species

49
Q

Integumentary adaptations in amphibians

A

Highly glandular skin

Estivation

Pelvic patches

Vascularized skin folds

Epidermal claws

50
Q

Highly glandular skin

A

Skin is rich in poison and mucous glands

There are two types of poison glands

51
Q

Two poison glands

A

Dorsolateral ridges

Parotoid glands

52
Q

Dorsolateral ridges

A

Many frogs bear conspicuous paired ridges running from near the eyes to posterior tip of the body

53
Q

Parotoid glands

A

Typical of toads, parotoid glands lie just behind the head on either side of the body

54
Q

Estivation

A

Some species retain successive molts of the outer layer of skin and form a temporary cocoon during periods of dormancy

55
Q

Pelvic patches

A

Zones of increased surface area where the skin rests on the moist substrate

Increases uptake of moisture

56
Q

Vascularized skin folds

A

Conspicuous folds of excess skin increasing surface are for respiration

57
Q

Epidermal claws

A

Keratinized epidermal claws present in some species

58
Q

Integumentary adaptations in reptiles

A

Scales

Spines

Rattle

Scutes

Bony plates

Claws

Beaks

59
Q

Scales

A

Epidermal structures composed mostly of keratin

60
Q

Spines

A

Protection against predators

61
Q

Rattle

A

Used to warn off predators

62
Q

Scutes

A

Modified for locomotion

63
Q

Bony plates

A

Dermal bone is sometimes produced in conjunction with scales to increase their protective capacity

64
Q

Two types of bony plates

A

Osteoderms

Carapace/Plastron

65
Q

Osteoderms

A

Lie underneath scales are produced by dermis

66
Q

Carapace/plastron

A

The carapace (upper shell) and plastron (lower shell) are complex structures composed of endochondral bone, dermal bone and scales

67
Q

Claws

A

Made up of the upper Unguis and lower Subunguis

68
Q

Beaks

A

Turtles and tortoises use in place of teeth

Zool lab (8 decks)

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