Lab 5 Flashcards
Lissamphibia
Clade that includes all amphibians
Three extant orders of Lissamphibia
Order Gymnophiona
Order Caudata
Order Anura
Paedomorphosis
Having larval characteristics in sexually mature individuals
Order Gymnophiona
Caecilians
Unique in complete lack of limbs
Reduced or absent eyes
Conspicuous annuli (rings) encircling the body over its entire length that give them a worm-like appearance
Smooth skein
Elongate body
No neck
Who displays Pedomorphosis
Salamanders
Neoteny
The retention of one or more larval traits in an adult
Involves slowing down or halting development of the traits involved
Progenesis
Full development of sexual organs in otherwise juvenile stage
Speeding up of reproductive development
Larval feature to look like
External gills
Prominent dorsal fin fold confluent with tail
Laterally compressed tail with fin
5 extant families of Order Caudata
Family Cryptobranchidae
Family Sirenidae
Family Ambystomatidae
Family Proteidae
Family Amphiumidae
Family Crptobranchidae
Giant salamanders
Largest living amphibians
Fully aquatic and retain a compressed tail and fin
Large dorso-ventrally flattened body
Prominent skin folds along sides of body for respiration
Family Sirenidae
Sirens
Elongate salamanders which retain external gills
No hind limbs and pelvic girdle
Elongate eel-like body
External gills
Small front limbs
Laterally compressed tail with fin
Family Ambystomitidae
Mole Salamanders
Highly terrestrial when fully metamorphosed
Stout bodied
Robust limbs
blunt head
blotchy pattern
Family Proteidae
Mudpuppies
External gills
Fully aquatic
Compressed tails with fins
Medium to large dorso-ventrally flattened body
Some skin folding
Family Amphiumidae
Amphiumas
Fully aquatic eel-like salamanders
Long body with compressed tail and fin
No external gills
Fore and hind limbs present but greatly reduced
Order Anura families
Family Pipidae
Family Scaphiopodidae
Family Hylidae
Family Dendrodatidae
Family Ranidae
Family Bufonidae
Family Pipidae
Clawed frogs
Fully aquatic
Dorso-ventrally flattened with large powerful hindlimbs and webbed feet
Claws on hind feet
Flattened body
Dorsally directed eyes
Small forelimb/large hindlimb
Webbed toes
Family Scaphiopodidae
Spadefoot toads
Skin is warty but smooth
Vertically oriented pupil
Crescent shaped claws on hindfeet
Family Hylidae
Tree frogs
Slender body
Relatively long body and limbs
Feet barely webbed
No distinct dorsolateral ridge
Family Dendrobatidae
Poison dart frogs
Bright colors
Upright posture
Toe pads
No dorsolateral ridge
Potent toxins on skin
Family Ranidae species
Rana luteiventris
Rana pipiens
Rana sylvatica
Rana luteiventris
Columbia spotted frog
Prominent dorsolateral ridge
White stripe from snout to forelimb
Dark spots on top of body with small white dots in their centres
Rana pipiens
Northern leopard frog
Large body with dorsolateral ridge
Numerous dark oval or round blotches with white rings around the margins
Rana sylvatica
Wood frog
Prominent dorsolateral ridge
Dark mask around eyes from snout to forelimb
Capable of freezing solid
Species of Family Bufonidae
Bufo boreas
Bufo hemiophrys
Bufo cognatus
Bufo boreas
Western toad
Warty skin
Prominent parotoid gland
No ridges visible on the head between the eyes
Bufo hemiophrys
Canadian toad
Warty skin
Prominent parotoid gland
Prominent ridges on center of head between eyes
Bufo cognatus
Great plains toad
Warty skin
Prominent parotoid gland
Two prominent “eye brow” ridges above the eyes
Amniotes are characterized by
Amniotic egg
Keratinized epidermis
Costal ventilation
Amniotic egg
Extra-embryonic layers are produced by the embryo to provide protection, nourishment and physiological regulation
Keratinized epidermis
All amniotes are covered with various keratinized skin structures (scales, feathers etc)
Costal ventilation
Ribs are connected to a sternum and associated musculature to aid in moving air in and out of the lungs
Lepidosauria includes which two orders
Order Squamata
Order Rhynchophalia
Lepidosaurs are characterized by
A hemipenis
Tail autotomy
Epidermal scales that overlap and shed collectively
A hemipenis
Males posses a bilobed intromittent organ
Tail autotomy
Fracture planes within tail vertebrae of many species allow the individual to self-amputate
Epidermal scales that overlap and shed collectively
Physiological cycles stimulate occasional shedding of the entire scaly covering
Order Rhynchocephalia
Tuatara
Diapsid skull with complete lower temporal bar
Premaxilla with bony beak-like projections replacing teeth
Order Squamata
Lizards and snakes
Lizard families
Family Chamaeleonidae
Family Iguanidae
Family Phrynosmatidae
Family Gekkonidae
Family Amphisbaenidae
Family Scincidae
Family Helodermatidae
Family Varanidae
Family Chamaeleonidae
Chameleons
Laterally compressed body
Capable of changing their colors for communication or camouflage
Prehensile tail
Often have bony frills or head ornamentation
Zygodactylous (grasping ) feet with two toes on each side
Eyes projecting from head
Family Iguanidae
Iguanas lizards
Herbivorous
Dewlap (loose skin on throat)
Comb-like projections along center of back
Long whip-like tail
Long sharp claws
Family Phryonsmatidae
Horned Lizards
Small and insectivorous
Squirts blood from eyes as defense mechanism
Family Gekkonidae
Gekko
Large eyes
Large wedge shaped head
Distinct construction at neck
Expanded toe pads
Specialized scales on expanded toes that provide incredible adhesion on smooth surfaces
Family Amphisbaenidae
Worm lizards
Elongate bodies that lack limbs
Small eyes
Blunt eyes
No neck
Scales arranged in rings around body
Convergent evolution with snakes
Shovel like head for burrowing
Family Scincidae
Skinks
Long cylindrical body
Conical head
Usually lack distinct neck
Shiny scales
Family Helodermatidae
Gila monster and beaded lizard
Well developed venom glands
Large robust scale-covered osteoderms give a beaded appearance
Stout body with wide head and thick tail
Family Varanidae
Monitor lizards
Relatively long body and long neck
Head small with pointed snout
Long muscular tail
Order Squamata
Lizards and snakes
Snake families
Family Colubridae
Family Viperidae
Family Colubridae
Non-venomous snakes
Snake body with slight constriction behind head
Scutes along ventral surface
Family Viperidae
Vipers and Pit Vipers
Wedge shaped head much wider than neck
Rattle on tail tip in some species
Erectile fangs near front of mouth delivering venom
Pits above the mouth house heat sensing organs
Order Testudines (turtles and tortoises)
Families
Family Cheloniidae
Family Chelydridae
Family Emydidae
Family Testundinidae
Family Cheloniidae
Hard shelled sea turtles
Anapsid skull
Feet modified into flippers
Smooth carapace and plastron of dermal bone and epidermal scales
Emarginations on the back of the skull roof, relatively small
Family Chelydridae
Snapping turtles
Large head
Relatively small eyes
Reduced carapace
Long tail
Skull with large emarginations on the back of the skull roof
Family Emydidae
Sliders
Small head
Relatively large carapace
Short tail
With large emarginations on the back of the skull roof
Family Testudinidae
Tortoises
More terrestrial
High domed carapace
Stout columnar legs/feet
Long necks
Short tails
Large emarginations on the back of the skull roof
Order Crocodylia
Crocs alligators and gharials
Families
Family Alligatoridae
Family Crocodylidae
Family Gavialidae
Family Alligatoridae
Alligators and Caimans
Broad horseshoe shaped snout
Lower teeth not visible when mouth closed
Family Crocodylidae
Crocodiles
Roughly triangular snout
Single (4th) tooth in lower jaw visible when mouth is closed
Family Gavialidae
Gharial and False gharial
Freshwater crocodylians that specialize in fish eating
Elongate narrow snouts
Numerous needle-like teeth
Lower teeth visible when mouth closed
