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Zool lab > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral fins

A

Bilaterally paired anterior fins, typically located just behind the gill pouches (Chondrichthyes) or operculum (Osteichthyes)

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2
Q

Pelvic fins

A

Bilaterally paired posterior fins, typically located in the posterior half of the body along the ventral (lower) margin

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3
Q

Dorsal fin

A

Usually one or two fins located medially (along the midline) along the dorsal margin of the body

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4
Q

Adipose fin

A

Present in some groups, the adipose fin is a small fleshy lobe located behind the dorsal fin and anterior to the caudal fin.

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5
Q

Anal fin

A

A single median fin located on the ventral (lower) margin of the body named for its proximity to the anal pore

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6
Q

Caudal fin

A

A single median fin located at the posterior of the vertebral column (tail fin)

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7
Q

Heterocercal caudal fin

A

Larger upper lobe

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8
Q

Homocercal caudal fin

A

Two lobes equal size

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9
Q

Hypocercal

A

Large lower lobe

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10
Q

Diphycercal

A

Single undifferentiated lobe

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11
Q

Caudal peduncle

A

Fleshy base of the caudal fin

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12
Q

Terete body form

A

Cylindrical or oval in cross section and tapered at both ends

Typically fast moving fishes in open water

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13
Q

Compressed body form

A

Laterally (side to side) flattened shapes that are tall and narrow

Typical of slower moving fish that inhabit highly structured habitats like coral reefs or weed beds

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14
Q

Depressed body form

A

Flattened shapes that are short and wide

Typical of bottom dwelling or sedentary species

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15
Q

Anguilliform

A

Lateral undulations that move from head to tail.

Typical of long, thing fish that move relatively slow

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16
Q

Carangiform

A

Lateral undulation are restricted to the posterior half of the body

Typical of terete shaped fish with faster movements

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17
Q

Ostraciiform

A

Undulations are restricted to the caudal peduncle and fin due to to an inflexible body

Limited to fishes with an extremely rigid body

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18
Q

Labriform

A

Movement through flapping motion of pectoral fins

Typical of wrasses and other fish who rely on a lot vertical movement in complex three dimensional habitats like coral reefs

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19
Q

Balistiform

A

Coordinated undulations of the dorsal and anal fins created forward and backward movement. Typical of triggerfish and other that rely on anterior-posterior movements in complex three-dimensional environments like coral reefs

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20
Q

Buoyancy organs

A

The oily liver of chondrichthyans or gas filled swim bladder of actinopterygians

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21
Q

Viscous drag

A

The frication created the surface of the fish/s body and the water surrounding it

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22
Q

What type of fish have high viscous drag

A

Long thin fish due to the high surface area and low volume

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23
Q

Traits of fish to reduce viscous drag

A

Smooth scales and/or producing oils and mucous to coat the scales

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24
Q

Inertial drag

A

Pressure differences created by the displacement of water as a fish moves

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25
Q

What type of fish has high inertial drag

A

A thick-bodied fish will have a relatively low surface area to body mass ratio, which increases inertial drag but lowers viscous drag

26
Q

Dried remora fins

A

The dorsal find is highly modified, creating a suction pad to latch onto large predatory fish

27
Q

Clingfish fins

A

The pelvic fins form a suction disc enabling these small reef-dwellers to attach to plants/coral etc.

28
Q

Sea robin fins

A

Sea robins have pectoral fins that include three leading fin spines that are free of the fin webbing. Specialized muscles give these fins the appearance of walking.

29
Q

Batfish fish

A

Stout pectoral and pelvic fins are modified to support the fish and walk across substrate

Walking evolved convergently with Tetrapoda

30
Q

Flying fish fins

A

Massive wing-like pectoral fins allow the fish to glide through the air

Use a homocercal tail to generate enough thrust to launch out of the water

Pectoral fins then spread out

31
Q

Hatchet fish fins

A

Use massive pectoral muscles to flap wing-like pectoral fins while in the air

Only fish that is evolved for flight

32
Q

Bowfin and gar skull jaw protrusion

A

Representative of the plesiomorphic (primitive) jaw condition

Has a premaxilla, maxilla and dentary that adhere closely with the rest of the skull while the mouth opens and closes.

Gape is created by the lowering of the jaw while other jaw elements remain the same

33
Q

Carp and perch skulls

A

The premaxilla and maxilla swing forward creating a highly protrusible jaw that quickly envelops prey

In same cases, the dentary also swings forward

34
Q

Terminal mouth

A

The mouth is located at the anterior tip of the fishes head

Terminal mouths are typical of fishes that move through the water column in search of food

35
Q

Superior mouth

A

The mouth is located on the upper surface of the head

Many superior fishes are seen in fishes that specialize in swimming just below fish before swallowing them

36
Q

Inferior nouth

A

The mouth is located on the underside of the head

Bottom dwellers

37
Q

Caniniform teeth

A

Recurved, sharp and conical teeth arranged in rows

Found in predatory fishes and are used to pierce and hold prey

38
Q

Villiform teeth

A

Small needle-like teeth arranged in patches as opposed to rows.

Typical of predatory fish, villiform teeth are used to provide grip in specific areas of the mouth

39
Q

Cardiform teeth

A

Even smaller villiform teeth, forming sandpaper like patches

Also seen in predatory fishes, too small too pierce but increase grip

40
Q

Triangular teeth

A

Flat blade-like teeth in arranged rows

Used for slicing tissue

41
Q

Molariform

A

Teeth with flattened or globular surfaces

Found in fish that crush hard shelled animals like clams or snails

42
Q

Coalesced teeth

A

Teeth fused into incisor-like shapes sometimes forming a beak like structure

Found in fish the scrape food from hard surfaces

43
Q

Pharyngeal teeth

A

Different forms of teeth for on the muscular gill arch and are used in processing food

44
Q

Gill rakers

A

Projection on the inside of gill arches aid some fish in filter feeding or prevent passage of food particles through gill slits

45
Q

Scale types

A

Placoid (sharks)

Ganoid (gars)

Cycloid and Ctenoid (most osteichthyans)

46
Q

Plate types

A

Overlap considerably (catfish)

Form thick closely packed plates (trunkfish)

47
Q

Spines

A

Elongate scales that go outward (puffers)

48
Q

Other protective adaptations

A

Poison (puffer)

Venom (stonecat)

Bioluminescence

49
Q

Drumming

A

Fishes of the Scinaenidae create drumming sounds by beating abdominal muscles against their large swim bladders

Associated with breeding and mostly used by males

50
Q

Stidulation

A

Sometimes caused by the grinding of pharyngeal teeth, but more commonly as the result contact between specialized bony processed at the base of the pectoral fin

Used as distress signal or territorial display

51
Q

Schrekstoff

A

Known as fear scents, released from fish’s flesh when damaged.

Warns other fish of danger

52
Q

Electrogenesis

A

Generating weak electrical signals for navigation

53
Q

Types of cryptic coloration

A

Red coloration (nocturnal fishes)

Camouflage (bottom dwelling species)

Countershading (open water fishes)

Disruptive coloration (schooling fishes)

54
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

Parts of the fish being less visible from predators or prey

55
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Warning or bright coloration is common to fishes with toxins

56
Q

Social coloration

A

Fishes that display colors related to sex or breeding status

57
Q

Lateral line system

A

A pleiomorphic trait of all extant jawed fishes

A system of canals in the skin, housing cells that sense changes in water pressure, movement and vibration

58
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Most abundant in chondrichthyan fish.

Conspicuous pores distributed about the head region that house electro-sensory cells. Sharks and rays use these pores to detect electrical signals produced by muscle activity of other fishes

59
Q

Webberian Ossicles

A

Small bones modified from anterior vertebral processes which form a connection between the swim bladder and the canals of the inner ear, thus enhancing the sense of hearing

60
Q

Barbels

A

Sensory, whisker like appendages located near the mouth on many species of fish.

61
Q
A

Zool lab (8 decks)

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