Lab 7: Lymphatic system and immunity Flashcards
Blood type A-
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
A ANTIGENS
B ANTIBODIES
YES
Blood type A+
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
A ANTIGENS
B ANTIBODIES
NO
Blood type B-
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
B ANTIGENS
A ANTIBODIES
YES
Blood type B+
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
B ANTIGENS
A ANTIBODIES
NO
Blood type AB-
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
A and B ANTIGENS
NONE
YES
Blood type AB+
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
A and B ANTIGENS
NONE
NO
Blood type O-
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
NONE
A and B ANTIBODIES
YES
Blood type O+
What kind of ANTIGENS on RBC surface?
What kind of ANTIBODIES in PLASMA?
Will it make anti-D ANTIBODIES?
NONE
A and B ANTIBODIES
NO
What is meant by TRANSFUSION REACTION?
A reaction in the BLOOD associated with HEMOLYSIS
What are possible consequences of a TRANSFUSION REACTION?
Severe = HEMOLYSIS, transfusion rejected Moderate = Allergic reactions symptoms (hives, itching, fever, etc.)
Define AGGLUTINOGEN
The clumping of particles
Define AGGLUTININ
An ANTIBODY, LECTIN, or other substance that cause AGGLUTINATION
Define HOMOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION
Infusing the BLOOD of a compatible donor
Define AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION
The collection and re-infusion of patients own BLOOD or BLOOD components
True or false:
Those with the RHESUS FACTOR can only donate to others with the RHESUS FACTOR
TRUE
True or false:
O- can receive from any other BLOOD type
AB+ can donate to every other BLOOD type
FALSE, other way around
True or false:
A- can donate to A+
TRUE
True or false:
B+ can donate to B-
FALSE, RHESUS can only give to other RHESUS
True or false:
B+ can receive from AB+
FALSE, AB+ only gives to AB+
What does HDN stand for?
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
What causes HDN?
When mum and babe have different BLOOD types and they mix
How can HDN be prevented?
If mum is RHESUS -, she can take Rh Immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) to stop her ANTIBODIES from reacting with her baby’s
3 Fs of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- Removal of INTERSTITIAL FLUID from TISSUES
- Absorbs and transports FATTY ACIDS and FATS as CHYLE from the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Transports WBCs to and from LYMPH NODES into the BONES
Where are the PALATINE TONSILS?
Rear of the THROAT
Where are the LINGUAL TONSILS?
Back of the TONGUE
Where are the PHARYNGEAL TONSILS?
Back wall of NASAL PHARYNX
What is another name for the PHARYNGEAL TONSILS?
The ADENOID TONSILS
3 Fs of the SPLEEN
- Acts as a filtration system for the BLOOD
- Recycles old RBCs
- Stores PLATELETS and WBCs
What kind of CELLS does the RED PULP of the SPLEEN contain?
RBCs
What kind of CELLS does the WHITE PULP of the SPLEEN contain?
LYMPHOCYTES
What IMMUNE CELLS mature in the THYMUS?
T CELLS
What HORMONE is secreted by the THYMUS to facilitate IMMUNE CELL growth?
THYMOSIN
S and F of the LYMPH NODES
S - RETICULAR FIBERS
F - Filter LYMPH before it is returned to VENOUS circulation
3 REGIONS where LYMPH NODES are particularly numerous
- CERVICAL REGION
- AXILLARY REGION
- INGUINAL REGION
Why are LYMPH NODES a common site for cancer metastasis?
Because everything is filtered and passes through the LYMPH NODES, making it a very easy place to spread cancer to
How does LYMPH CIRCULATE?
Through SKELETAL PUMPS
What structures in LYMPH VESSELS prevent backflow?
One way VALVES
What REGIONS does the R. LYMPHATIC DUCT drain? Into which VEIN?
What REGIONS does the THORACIC DUCT drain? into which VEIN?
R. LYMPHATIC DUCT = R. CERVICAL REGION and R. arm, drains into the JUGULAR V.
THORACIC DUCT = Everywhere else, drains into the L. SUBCLAVIAN V.
What is the F of INTERFERONS ?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Proteins secreted by VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS, signal surrounding CELLS to protect themselves against VIRAL infection, activate NKs and MACROPHAGES
Non-specific
What is the F of NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Special LYMPHOCYTES that patrol PERIPHERAL TISSUES, recognize/destroy abnormal CELLS when low MHC 1 levels are detected
Non-specific
What is the F of MACROPHAGES?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Large PHAGOCYTE that engulfs cellular debris, foreign particles/CELLS, present ANTIGENS to HELPER Ts
Non-specific
What is the F of INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Chemicals secreted by CELLS that trigger INFLAMMATION
Non-specific
What is the F of DENDRITIC CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Type of MACROPHAGE found in the EPIDERMIS and MUCOUS MEMBRANES, engulf cellular debris/foreign particles/CELLS, present ANTIGENS to HELPER Ts
Non-specific
What is the F of CYTOTOXIC T CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
T CELLS that secrete PERFORINS and GRANZYMES to destroy abnormal CELLS, VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS, and/or transplant CELLS
Specific
What is the F of HELPER T CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
T CELLS that secrete CYTOKINES (chemical signals) that mobilize other IMMUNE CELLS
Specific
What is the F of MEMORY CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Long-lived T/B LYMPHOCYTES that are produced following exposure to an ANTIGEN and provide IMMUNITY over many years
specific
What is the F of PERFORINS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Proteins secreted by NKs and CYTOTOXIC Ts that make holes in target CELLS
Non-specific
What is the F of GRANZYMES?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
ENZYMES released by NKs and CYTOTOXIC Ts that induce CELL death by degrading cellular PROTEINS and DNA
Non-specific
What is the F of ANTIGEN-PRESENTING (AP) CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
Display foreign ANTIGENS on MHC 2 PROTEINS to HELPER Ts
Non-specific
What is the F of B CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS; differentiate into PLASMA CELLS
Specific
What is the F of PLASMA CELLS?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
B LYMPHOCYTES that secrete ANTIBODIES
Specific
What is the F of ANTIBODIES?
Are they a specific or non-specific defense mechanism?
PROTEINS secreted by PLASMA CELLS that circulate in the BLOOD where they recognize and bind foreign ANTIGENS
4 LYMPHOID organs
- THYMUS
- SPLEEN
- TONSILS
- APPENDIX
Where are B CELLS produced?
In the BONE MARROW
Explain PASSIVE IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNITY is when a person is given ANTIBODIES rather than producing them in their own IMMUNE SYSTEM
Explain ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY is when the body produces it’s own ANTIBODIES, may take a lot longer