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BIO 153 > Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Digestive Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is MECHANICAL DIGESTION?

A

The breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

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2
Q

What 3 structures are involved in MECHANICAL DIGESTION?

A
  1. TEETH (especially MOLARS and PREMOLARS)
  2. STOMACH (churning)
  3. SMALL INTESTINE (segmentation)
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3
Q

What is CHEMICAL DIGESTION?

A

Enzymatic breakdown of organic MACROMOLECULES into smaller MOLECULES (MONOMERS)

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4
Q

What happens to CHEMICAL BONDS during CHEMICAL DIGESTION?

A

They are broken

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5
Q

What is released when CHEMICAL BONDS are broken?

A

ENERGY

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6
Q

What is the ENERGY released by broken BONDS used for?

A

Making ATP

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7
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION involves________ _______

A 
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
(large macromolecules/polymers are broken down into smaller molecules/monomers)
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8
Q

True or false:

CATABOLIC REACTIONS are EXERGONIC/EXOTHERMIC

A

True

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9
Q

What happens during an EXERGONIC/EXOTHERMIC REACTION?

A

ENERGY is released when CHEMICAL BONDS are broken; this ENERGY can be used to make high ENERGY phosphate bonds in ATP

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10
Q

True or false:

A PROTEIN is a short POLYMER of AMINO ACIDS (A.A)

A

False

long not short

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11
Q

How many A.A are there? How many are essential in our diets?

A

20, 8

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of complex CARBOHYDRATES

A

STARCH and GLYCOGEN

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of DISSACCHARIDES

A

SUCROSE, MALTOSE, and LACTOSE

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of MONOSACCHARIDES

A

GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE

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15
Q

What does GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACIDS make?

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

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16
Q

Where does most absorption occur?

A

In the SMALL INTESTINE (S INT), especially in the ILEUM and JEJUNUM, across the BRUSH BORDER membrane

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17
Q

Where do small nutrient molecules go?

A

They move into EPITHELIAL CELLS, then into BLOOD or LYMPH CAPILLARY (LACTEALS)

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18
Q

How do MONOSACCHARIDES and A.As move into CELLS, even when concentration is high in CELLS

A

By COTRANSPORT

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19
Q

What is another way MONOSACCHARIDES and A.As move into CELLS

A

By FACILITATED DIFFUSION

*this only moves down the concentration gradient

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20
Q

How would products of PROTEIN and CARBOHYDRATE digestion enter the LIVER?

A

First step - Enter CAPILLARIES on the LAMINA PROPRIA
Second step - Enter the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
Then - They’ve made it to the LIVER, YAY

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21
Q

Are transporters required to bring LIPIDS (MONOGLYCERIDES + FATTY ACIDS) across the BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE?

A

Nope

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22
Q

Are LIPIDS WATER-SOLUBLE?

A

No

duhh they’re LIPID-SOLUBLE

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23
Q

What must happen to LIPIDS before they can be transported in BLOOD or LYMPH?

A

They must be coated in PROTEIN and PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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24
Q

What are the LIPOPROTEINS called?

A

CHYLOMICRONS

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25
Q

How would FATTY CHYLE get from the LACTEALS to VEINS?

A

First step - LACTEALS deliver to CISTERNA CHYLI
Second step - Drains to the THORACIC DUCT
Then - They’re in the VEINS, YAY

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26
Q

What breaks down TRIGLYCERIDES in the ENDOTHELIUM of CAPILLARIES?

A

The ENZYME LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE

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27
Q

TRIGLYCERIDES break down into…

A

…MONOGLYCERIDES + FATTY ACIDS

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28
Q

FATTY ACIDS go to which 3 things?

A
  1. ADIPOSE TISSUE (stored as TRIGLYCERIDES)
  2. MUSCLE (used for ENERGY)
  3. The LIVER (processing center)
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29
Q

Where are LIPOPROTEINS synthesized?

A

In the LIVER

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30
Q

F of LIPOPROTEINS?

A

F - transport LIPIDS (TRIGLYCERIDES/CHOLESTEROL) to and from LIVER and TISSUES

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31
Q

True or false:

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) = less of LIPID, lots of PROTEIN

A

False

LDL = Lots of LIPID, less PROTEIN

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32
Q

What is HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)?

A

The opposite of LDL; less LIPID, lots of PROTEIN

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33
Q

What is a risk of high LDL?

A

Inc. risk of HEART ATTACK and STROKE

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34
Q

Which VITAMINS are water-soluble? How are they absorbed?

A

B and C, FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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35
Q

What is INTRINSIC FACTOR?

A

a GLYCOPROTEIN secreted by PARIETAL CELLS of STOMACH

36
Q

What does INTRINSIC FACTOR do?

A

Enables the body to absorb VITAMIN B12

37
Q

Which VITAMINS are fat-soluble? How are they absorbed?

A

A, D, K, and E, DIFFUSION with LIPIDS (incorporated into CHYLOMICRONS

38
Q

What is PERNICIOUS ANEMIA?

A

A genetic defect that codes for INTRINSIC FACTOR; cannot absorb VIT B12, which is required for CELL division

39
Q

True or false:

Transporters are not required for water-soluble and charged ions/electrolytes

A

False

They are required

40
Q

Absorption of ions/electrolytes is done using ________ _______ or ________ __________

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION, ACTIVE TRANSPORT

41
Q

Na+ is…

A

…COTRANSPORTED

42
Q

What activates the Ca2+ transporter?

A

VITAMIN D3 and PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

43
Q

What kind of transport does IRON use?

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT (enhanced by VIT C/acids)

44
Q

Which is easier to transport:

Fe3+ or Fe2+

A

Fe2+ (conversion facilitated by VIT C/acids

45
Q

How does H2O enter the GI TRACT?

A

From food beverages and GI secretions

46
Q

How many ml of H2O from food and fluids?

A

2000 ml

47
Q

How many ml of H2O from saliva?

A

1500 ml

48
Q

How many ml of H2O from gastric secretions?

A

2000 ml

49
Q

How many ml of H2O from intestinal secretions?

A

1500 ml

50
Q

How many ml of H2O from pancreatic secretions?

A

1500 ml

51
Q

How many ml of H2O from bile?

A

500 ml

52
Q

What is the total fluid entering the GI TRACT daily?

A

9000 ml

53
Q

How is H2O reaborbed?

A

OSMOSIS

54
Q

Where is 92% of H2O absorbed?

A

In the S. INT.

55
Q

Approx. what % is reabsorbed in the LARGE INTESTINE (L. INT.)

A

6 - 7%

56
Q

How many ml/day are excreted in FECES?

A

Only about 150 ml

57
Q

2 things that regulate DIGESTION

A
  1. HORMONES

2. ANS - The ENTERIC PLEXUS

58
Q

What is the ENTERIC PLEXUS?

A

A network od sensory and motor NEURONS in GI TRACT

59
Q

When does the CEPHALIC PHASE occur?

A

Before food enters the STOMACH

60
Q

What causes an inc. of SALIVA and GASTRIC JUICE during the CEPHALIC PHASE?

A

The sight/smell/taste/thought of food activates the HYPOTHALAMUS, which then inc. the activity of the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM, which results in inc. SALIVA and GASTRIC JUICES

61
Q

What activates the GASTRIC PHASE?

A

The arrival of food (especially PROTEIN) in the STOMACH

62
Q

What 2 receptors are stimulated during the GASTRIC PHASE?

A
  1. CHEMORECEPTORS

2. STRETCH RECEPTORS

63
Q

What is the result of inc. stimulation of CHEMORECEPTORS?

A

Inc. GASTRIC SECRETION (HORMONE secreted by G CELLS of GASTRIC GLANDS), therefore inc. GASTRIC JUICE and GASTRIC MOTILITY

64
Q

What is the result of inc. stimulation of STRETCH RECEPTORS?

A

Inc. PARASYMPATHETIC activity (VAGUS NERVE), therefore inc. GASTRIC JUICE and GASTRIC MOTILITY

65
Q

What is the INTESTINAL PHASE activated by?

A

The arrival of ACID CHYME in the DUODENUM

66
Q

What does ACID CHYME in the DUODENUM activate?

A

CHEMO and STRETCH RECEPTORS

67
Q

What do CHEMO and STRETCH RECEPTORS do?

A

Activate PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE, DUODENAL ENDOCRINE CELLS secrete HORMONES - SECRETIN and CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

68
Q

What is the effect of SECRETIN?

A

Inc. PANCREATIC NaHC03
Inc. BILE secretion by LIVER
Dec. GASTRIC SECRETION
Dec. GASTRIC MOTILITY

69
Q

What is the effect of CCK?

A 
Inc. PANCREATIC ENZYME secretion 
Inc. GALLBLADDER contraction
Relaxes HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER
Inc. PANCREATIC NaHCO3
Dec. GASTRIC secretion 
Dec. GASTRIC MOTILITY
70
Q

Explain GLUCOSE DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC PEPTIDE (GIP)

A

Secreted when SUGARS and FATS enter DUODENUM
Stim. INSULIN secretion by PANCREAS
Stim. LIPOGENESIS in ADIPOCYTES

71
Q

Explain VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP)

A

Stim. INTESTINAL GLANDS, which inc. NaHCO3 and H2O secretion
Dilates INTESTINAL BLOOD VESSELS, which inc. BLOOD flow

72
Q

What is MASS MOVEMENT?

A

A strong PERISTALTIC contraction of the COLON that occurs once or twice a day

73
Q

GASTRIC and DUODENAL reflexes are activated by the…

A

…arrival of food in the STOMACH/INTESTINES

74
Q

The distension of the RECTUM with FECES will activate what?

A

The DEFECATION reflex

75
Q

What is the DEFECATION reflex?

A

Relaxation of the SMOOTH MUSCLE in the INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER

76
Q

True or false:

The SKELETAL MUSCLE of the INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER is controlled by the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

A

False

The INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER is made of SMOOTH MUSCLE

77
Q

True or false:

We have conscious control over the EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER

A

True

78
Q

What is the avg. transit time from MOUTH to ANUS?

A

24 - 48 hours

79
Q

Where is appetite regulated?

A

The SATIETY CENTERS in the HYPOTHALAMUS

80
Q

What is involved in short term regulation for dec. appetite?

A 
STRETCH RECEPTORS in STOMACH
Inc. BLOOD GLUCOSE on BLOOD
Inc. A.A in BLOOD
Inc. INSULIN
Inc. CCK
81
Q

What is involved in short term regulation for inc. appetite?

A

GHRELIN

82
Q

What is GHRELIN?

A

A HORMONE secreted by CELLS lining the STOMACH when empty

83
Q

What is involved in long term regulation for dec. appetite?

A

LECTIN

84
Q

What is LECTIN?

A

A HORMONE secreted by ADIPOSE TISSUE

85
Q

If there was an inc. in ADIPOSE TISSUE, there would also be an inc. in LECTIN, and therefore…

A

…a dec. in appetite

86
Q

What may result in LEPTIN resistance?

A

Excess weight

BIO 153 (13 decks)

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