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A&P 2 Lab > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, external intercostals

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2
Q

Muscles of expiration

A

Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

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3
Q

Active vs. Passive breathing

A

Active breathing involves using muscle of expiration to expire while passive breathing just uses the pressure gradient to expire . Active breathing occurs when there is greater demand

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4
Q

Pressure changes in lungs to facilitate respiration

A

Inspiration expands volume which decreases pressure so air from atm. flows into lungs. Expiration decreases volume which increases pressure and air is pushed out of the lungs

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5
Q

Pathway of air in lungs

A

Nasal/oral cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> L/R primary bronchus –> secondary bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

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6
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung. Occurs when air enters pleural space due to pressure change. If intrapleural space is lower than atm. P air rushes into it and collapses the lung. Can occur with puncture to lung/pleural space

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7
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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8
Q

Primary cause of COPD

A

Smoking

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9
Q

2 main types of COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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10
Q

Why is breathing hard with chronic bronchitis

A

Long-term mucus cough

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11
Q

Why is breathing hard with emphysema

A

Damage to the lungs over time, inner walls of alveoli damaged and eventually rupture

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12
Q

Why hard to breathe with asthma

A

Narrowing and inflammation of airways

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13
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

Recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing
Shortness of breath
Cough
Chest tightness

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14
Q

Edema

A

Build up of fluid… swelling

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15
Q

What causes edema in lungs

A

When heart doesn’t pump efficiently blood can back up in veins going through the lungs and pressure build up in the veins pushes fluid into alveoli

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16
Q

How does pulmonary edema effect the lungs

A

Fluid in alveoli makes gas exchange challenging

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17
Q

How does pneumonia affect lung function?

A

Alveoli become inflamed and limits lung capacity, lungs may fill with fluid and dead lung tissue –> mucus

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18
Q

How is ventilation/diffusion of gas compromised by pneumonia

A

Inflammation and fluid increases diffusion distance which decreases ventilation

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19
Q

Respiratory system

A

System used for gas exchange

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20
Q

Respiration

A

The action of breathing

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21
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration

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22
Q

External respiration

A

Pulmonary vent, pulmonary diffusion and gas exchange, gas transport in blood, gas exchange at tissue

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23
Q

Transport of respiratory gasses

A

The process in which organisms take in O2 and give out CO2 exchanged and moved through the body in the blood

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24
Q

Internal respiration

A

Cellular respiration

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25
Q

Nasal cavity function

A

Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air
Resonance chamber for voice production

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26
Q

Nasal septum

A

Divides nasal cavity into L&R
Formed by Vomer and ethmoid bones and septal cartilage

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27
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Turbinates in nasal cavity to increase SA of mucose which enhances air turbulence and aids in trapping large particles

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28
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Resonating chambers for speech filled with mucus and air
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary bones make cavities

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29
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony roof of oral cavity, separates mouth from nasal cavity
Maxillary and palatine bones

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30
Q

Soft palate

A

From posterior hard palate, make up posterior roof of mouth

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31
Q

Pharynx

A

Tube part of alimentary canal and upper airway
3 parts

32
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Rear of nasal cavity above soft palate, always open

33
Q

Posterior nasal aperture

A

2 opening in back of nasal passage b/w nasal cavity and pharynx

34
Q

Otitis media

A

Ear infection in middle of the ear, causes inflammation and fluid buildup behind eardrum

35
Q

Oropharynx

A

lies b/w soft palate and hyoid bone, upper airway and alimentary canal

36
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Hyoid bone to lower border of circoid cartilage
Spot of division between larynx and esophagus

37
Q

Larynx

A

Upper most section of Lower resp. tract, airway
Between trachea and root of tongue

38
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Largest cartilage of larynx, attachment point for ligaments and muscles
Forms voice box
Support and protect vocal cords
Forms Adam’s apple

39
Q

Circoid cartilage

A

Lower/posterior larynx
Full circular cartilage around trachea
Bellow thyroid cart.

40
Q

Epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage, covers trachea so food doesn’t go down it

41
Q

Vestibular folds

A

False vocal cords
Superior to true, assist epiglottis in closing during swallowing

42
Q

Vocal folds

A

True cords
Passing air vibrates folds to produces phonation

43
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Vocal cartilages

44
Q

Glottis

A

The vocal cords and the opening between them

45
Q

Trachea

A

Major airway of lower resp.
Larynx –> 5th thoracic vert.

46
Q

Primary bronchi

A

L&R
After trachea, before bronchioles
Major airway continuation

47
Q

Hilum

A

depression where structures from root of lung enter/leave lung

48
Q

Bronchioles

A

Narrow airways of lower resp.
serve alveoli

49
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Narrowest airway of lungs

50
Q

Respiratory tree

A

The branching structure of airways supplying air to lungs

51
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Enlarged terminal of bronchiole that branch into terminal alveoli

52
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs

53
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Surface where gas exchange between blood and alveoli occurs

54
Q

Structures of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

55
Q

Structures of conducting zone

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

56
Q

Root of lung

A

Depressed surface at center of medial surface, anterior to 5-7 thoracic vertebra

57
Q

Apex of lung

A

Top

58
Q

Base of lung

A

Bottom

59
Q

Costal surface

A

Covered by costal pleura along sternum and ribs

60
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membranes lining thorax, envelope lungs

61
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer layer of pleura

62
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped muscle that allows for inspiration

63
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inner layer of pleura

64
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space b/w pleura, thin layer of tissue that covers lungs and lines chest cavity

65
Q

Tidal Volume (Vt)

A

Amount of air that moves in or out of lungs with each respiratory cycle

66
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration

67
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The amount of air expired during an active exhale after a normal quiet exhale

68
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Greatest volume of air that can be expelled from lungs after deepest breathe possible
IRV + ERV + Vt

69
Q

Minute Respiratory volume (MRV)
Minute Ventilation Ve

A

Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled per minute

70
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

Total air exhaled during FEV test

71
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEVt)

A

the volume of air that an individual can exhale during a forced breath in t seconds

72
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The volume left in the lungs after a complete exhale

73
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Total inspiration
Vt + IRV

74
Q

Expiratory capacity (EC)

A

Total expiration
Vt + ERV

75
Q

Functional residual/reserve capacity (FRC)

A

Air left in lungs after normal tidal breathing
ERV + RV

76
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Volume of air in lungs upon max inspire and max expire
IRV + ERV + Vt + RV

77
Q

Power lab

A

Go through steps on how to find/calculate everything using power lab

A&P 2 Lab (10 decks)

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