Lab 7 Flashcards
Muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, external intercostals
Muscles of expiration
Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
Active vs. Passive breathing
Active breathing involves using muscle of expiration to expire while passive breathing just uses the pressure gradient to expire . Active breathing occurs when there is greater demand
Pressure changes in lungs to facilitate respiration
Inspiration expands volume which decreases pressure so air from atm. flows into lungs. Expiration decreases volume which increases pressure and air is pushed out of the lungs
Pathway of air in lungs
Nasal/oral cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> L/R primary bronchus –> secondary bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung. Occurs when air enters pleural space due to pressure change. If intrapleural space is lower than atm. P air rushes into it and collapses the lung. Can occur with puncture to lung/pleural space
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Primary cause of COPD
Smoking
2 main types of COPD
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Why is breathing hard with chronic bronchitis
Long-term mucus cough
Why is breathing hard with emphysema
Damage to the lungs over time, inner walls of alveoli damaged and eventually rupture
Why hard to breathe with asthma
Narrowing and inflammation of airways
symptoms of asthma
Recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing
Shortness of breath
Cough
Chest tightness
Edema
Build up of fluid… swelling
What causes edema in lungs
When heart doesn’t pump efficiently blood can back up in veins going through the lungs and pressure build up in the veins pushes fluid into alveoli
How does pulmonary edema effect the lungs
Fluid in alveoli makes gas exchange challenging
How does pneumonia affect lung function?
Alveoli become inflamed and limits lung capacity, lungs may fill with fluid and dead lung tissue –> mucus
How is ventilation/diffusion of gas compromised by pneumonia
Inflammation and fluid increases diffusion distance which decreases ventilation
Respiratory system
System used for gas exchange
Respiration
The action of breathing
Pulmonary ventilation
The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration
External respiration
Pulmonary vent, pulmonary diffusion and gas exchange, gas transport in blood, gas exchange at tissue
Transport of respiratory gasses
The process in which organisms take in O2 and give out CO2 exchanged and moved through the body in the blood
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration
Nasal cavity function
Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air
Resonance chamber for voice production
Nasal septum
Divides nasal cavity into L&R
Formed by Vomer and ethmoid bones and septal cartilage
Nasal conchae
Turbinates in nasal cavity to increase SA of mucose which enhances air turbulence and aids in trapping large particles
Paranasal sinuses
Resonating chambers for speech filled with mucus and air
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary bones make cavities
Hard palate
Bony roof of oral cavity, separates mouth from nasal cavity
Maxillary and palatine bones
Soft palate
From posterior hard palate, make up posterior roof of mouth
Pharynx
Tube part of alimentary canal and upper airway
3 parts
Nasopharynx
Rear of nasal cavity above soft palate, always open
Posterior nasal aperture
2 opening in back of nasal passage b/w nasal cavity and pharynx
Otitis media
Ear infection in middle of the ear, causes inflammation and fluid buildup behind eardrum
Oropharynx
lies b/w soft palate and hyoid bone, upper airway and alimentary canal
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone to lower border of circoid cartilage
Spot of division between larynx and esophagus
Larynx
Upper most section of Lower resp. tract, airway
Between trachea and root of tongue
Thyroid cartilage
Largest cartilage of larynx, attachment point for ligaments and muscles
Forms voice box
Support and protect vocal cords
Forms Adam’s apple
Circoid cartilage
Lower/posterior larynx
Full circular cartilage around trachea
Bellow thyroid cart.
Epiglottis
elastic cartilage, covers trachea so food doesn’t go down it
Vestibular folds
False vocal cords
Superior to true, assist epiglottis in closing during swallowing
Vocal folds
True cords
Passing air vibrates folds to produces phonation
Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal cartilages
Glottis
The vocal cords and the opening between them
Trachea
Major airway of lower resp.
Larynx –> 5th thoracic vert.
Primary bronchi
L&R
After trachea, before bronchioles
Major airway continuation
Hilum
depression where structures from root of lung enter/leave lung
Bronchioles
Narrow airways of lower resp.
serve alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Narrowest airway of lungs
Respiratory tree
The branching structure of airways supplying air to lungs
Alveolar ducts
Enlarged terminal of bronchiole that branch into terminal alveoli
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Respiratory membrane
Surface where gas exchange between blood and alveoli occurs
Structures of the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Structures of conducting zone
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles
Root of lung
Depressed surface at center of medial surface, anterior to 5-7 thoracic vertebra
Apex of lung
Top
Base of lung
Bottom
Costal surface
Covered by costal pleura along sternum and ribs
Pleura
Serous membranes lining thorax, envelope lungs
Parietal pleura
Outer layer of pleura
Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle that allows for inspiration
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of pleura
Pleural cavity
Space b/w pleura, thin layer of tissue that covers lungs and lines chest cavity
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Amount of air that moves in or out of lungs with each respiratory cycle
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The amount of air expired during an active exhale after a normal quiet exhale
Vital Capacity (VC)
Greatest volume of air that can be expelled from lungs after deepest breathe possible
IRV + ERV + Vt
Minute Respiratory volume (MRV)
Minute Ventilation Ve
Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled per minute
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Total air exhaled during FEV test
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEVt)
the volume of air that an individual can exhale during a forced breath in t seconds
Residual Volume (RV)
The volume left in the lungs after a complete exhale
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Total inspiration
Vt + IRV
Expiratory capacity (EC)
Total expiration
Vt + ERV
Functional residual/reserve capacity (FRC)
Air left in lungs after normal tidal breathing
ERV + RV
Total lung capacity
Volume of air in lungs upon max inspire and max expire
IRV + ERV + Vt + RV
Power lab
Go through steps on how to find/calculate everything using power lab
