Lab 5 Flashcards
Functions of the lymph system
Transport leaked fluid back to BVs
Protect the body via removing foreign material, police body fluids, lymphocyte multiplication
Components of the Lymph system
Lymph vessels, lymph tissue, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs
Lymph transport
Lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymph vessels, lymphatic trunk, ducts in thoracic region
Right Lymph duct
Drains right upper body, head, and thorax to jugular and subclavian veins
Thoracic duct
Drains the rest of the body to jugular and subclavian veins
Cisterna Chyli
Collects lymph from digestive organs; big lipids
Receives Chyle
Lymph nodes
1000s along lymph paths, embedded in connective tissue
Site of multiplication of lymphocytes (T&B cells)
Many afferent lymph vessels, few efferent
Filter and fight infection
Located all over but prominent in neck, armpits, groin,
Lymph vessels
Three tunics, thinner walls, more valves, require pumping for transport of lymph
Agglutination
Clumping together of particles as an immune response, falls out of solution
Clumping allows for increase efficacy of phagocytosis (get rid of pathogens in group)
Agglutination in blood typing
RBCs agglutinate and clumps can then block flow
Caused by the interaction between antibodies and antigens
Blood typing
Antigens present, accompanied by self-tolerant antibodies
ex: Type B has Anti A so agglutinates in Anti B
Immune response
systemic; Immune system recognizes something as foreign and acts to destroy it
Characteristics of immune response
Memory, specificity, self-tolerance
2 systems of immunity
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity Characteristics
Quick (Minutes to hours)
Limited specificity
Same response every time
barriers, phagocytes, pattern recognition
Adaptive immunity characteristics
Long (days)
High specificity
MEMORY
More rapid and effective after every exposure
T and B, antigen specific receptors, antibodies
Innate immune response
First line of defense that is fast but nonspecific
Uses germ-line-encoded recognition and phagocytic cells
Begins inflammatory response
Adaptive immune response
Humoral and cell mediated (B&T)
Slow (days), highly specific
Uses randomly generated antigen receptors
How do innate and adaptive work together
Innate response produces signal molecules that stimulate and direct adaptive
Primary response
Initiated on first exposure, memory lymphocytes left behind after antigen gone
Secondary response
Initiated upon second exposure to same antigen
Faster, better response due to adaptive memory
Barriers
Prevent pathogen entry into body
Skin and mucosal membranes
Immune cells sit right under barrier incase of entry \
Antigen
Foreign molecules that induce immune response
Lymphocyte
Cells that recognize antigens, initiate immune response, surface receptors to recognize antigens
Three types of lymphocytes
Natural killer cells, innate
T cells
B cells
Maturation
becoming immunocompetent- capable of carrying out response
Self-tolerance
Antibody
B-cells
Bind a specific antigen, tag them for destruction, produced in red bone marrow
Granules and cells that have them
Vesicle tightly packed with chemicals
Neutrophils, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cell
T-cells
T helper: dumps signal proteins
T Cytotoxic: kill infected cells
Plasma cell
Antibody protection
Natural killer cell
Poke hole in cell, place granule inside which leads to cell death, recognize virus-infected cells
Produced in bone marrow
How do antibodies become specific
Bases are inserted via transcriptional changes to T-cell antigen receptor to match antigen
Spleen
Filter for blood, upper left abdomen
Thymus
Surveillance and protection of pathogens; production and maturation of immune cells
upper chest behind sternum
Bone marrow
Produces components of blood
Center of bones
Cells associated with innate immunity
Dendritic, mast, macrophage, NK, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, granulocytes
Cells associated with adaptive immunity
B cell
T cell
Macrophages
Detects, phagocytose, and destroy antigens, activate other immune cells
Come from blood monocytes
What brings antigen to lymph nodes and what happens in the lymph node once antigen is there
Dendrites bring antigen to lymph node via afferent lymph vessels
They migrate deep to trigger T-cells
What causes a white blood cell to escape the BV and migrate to infection
Chemical mediators come from inflamed tissue
Adhesion molecules on surface of leukocytes regulate
What results in an autoimmune disorder
When the body cannot detect self vs non self and starts attacking itself
Why is type O- the universal donor
They have NONE of the blood proteins so the immune system would never detect a “wrong” protein
Why is AB+ Universal acceptor
They are tolerant of all possible proteins
Why can’t a Rh - get Rh +
Rh - person would recognize the + proteins as foreign
Blood each type can accept
A+: O -/+, A -/+
A-: O-, O+
B+: O -/+, B -/+
B-: O-, B-
AB+ ALL
AB-: O-, A-, B-, AB-
O+: O -/+
O-: O-
