Lab 1 Flashcards
What kind of epithelial cell is this?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (non-keratinized)
what does a stratified epithelial cell mean
if there are several layers
what does squamous mean
if the cell is flattened or scale-like
differentiate keratinized and non-keratinized cells
keratinized = dead cells on surface
non-keratinized = free surface
why could keratinized cells be beneficial?
they contain keratin that makes the structure durable and moisture resistant
would the mouth be most likely to have keratinized or non-keratinized cells?
non-keratinized since keratin is moisture resistant and the mouth is very wet
what is the function of squamous stratified epithelium
protection against abrasion, ultraviolet radiation, water loss, and infection.
where can squamous stratified epithelium be found
nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, vagina
keratinized- skin
what cell is this
simple columnar epithelium
what does simple mean
single layer
what does columnar mean
looks like columns
what is a functional characteristic of squamous cells?
allow diffusion or act as filters
what is a functional characteristic of simple cells?
allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption
where can you find simple columnar epithelium
glands, bronchioles, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ventricles of the brain
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium
movement of particles out of the bronchioles, aids in the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells, secretion by glands of the stomach and the intestine, absorption by cells of the intestine
what is a functional characteristic of cuboidal/columnar cells?
secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus.
what kind of cell is this
simple cuboidal epithelium
where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, and surface of the ovaries
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
what kind of cell is this
simple squamous epithelium
where can you find simple squamous epithelium
lining of blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli of the lungs, Bowman’s capsule of kidney, lining of serous membranes
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium
diffusion, filtration, secretion
what kind of cell is this
transitional epithelium
what is the structure of transitional epithelium
stratified - cells change shape depending upon amount of distention of the organ
where can you find transitional epithelium
lining of urinary system
what is the function of transitional epithelium
accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or tube; protection against the caustic effects of urine
what is a functional characteristic of stratified cells
protection, particularly against abrasion
why is simple squamous epithelium best suited for alveolar lung cells
Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for alveolar lung cells because its single layer of flat cells facilitates efficient diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in capillaries. Its thin structure minimizes the barrier for gas exchange, which is critical for respiratory function
why is cuboidal epithelium best suited for lining of kidney collecting ducts
Cuboidal epithelium is best suited for the lining of kidney collecting ducts because its cube-shaped cells are specialized for secretion and absorption, processes essential for adjusting the composition of urine and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. The structure allows for efficient transport and processing of substances within the ducts
why is simple columnar epithelium best suited for lining of the gut
Simple columnar epithelium is best suited for lining the gut because its tall, narrow cells facilitate absorption of nutrients and secretion of digestive enzymes and mucus, both of which are essential for digestion. The presence of microvilli on these cells increases surface area, enhancing absorption efficiency
why is stratified squamous epithelium (non keratinized) best suited for vaginal tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) is best suited for vaginal tissue because its multiple layers provide protection against friction and abrasion, while maintaining moisture to prevent drying out. This structure is essential for withstanding mechanical stress during activities like childbirth
why is transitional epithelium best suited for inner lining of ureter
Transitional epithelium is best suited for the inner lining of the ureter because its ability to stretch and change shape allows it to accommodate fluctuations in urine volume without tearing. This flexibility ensures the ureter remains intact while urine passes through
label ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus
differentiate totipotent and pluripotent
Totipotent cells can form an entire organism (body + placenta). Pluripotent cells can form all body tissues but not the placenta or extraembryonic structures.
define these terms: blastocele, morula, cavitation, blastocyst
blastocele = fluid filled cavity
morula = 12 cells or more forming a ball
cavitation = morula becomes blastocyst and there’s fluid in blastocele
blastocyst = the fluid filled hallowed sphere
describe the blastocyst on day 6
blastocele + inner mass cell + trophoblast
The single layer of cells around the blastocyst is called the ________________
The single layer of cells around the blastocyst is called the trophoblast.
The trophoblast plays a critical role in implantation and contributes to the formation of the placenta later in development.
differentiate cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
label this image:
endometrium
extraembryonic mesoderm
connecting stalk
syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
lacuna
amniotic sac
amniotic cavity
hypoblast
epiblast
blastocele
yolk sac
the embryonic disk is made of ?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
differentiate the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
the 3 germ layers are made of the epiblast or the hypoblast?
Epiblast: 3 germ layers
Hypoblast: extraembryonic membranes
how is lacunae formed
the syncytiotrophoblast cells invade the uterine lining until it reaches maternal blood vessels (sinusoids). They digest them to create pools of blood (=lacunae)
what is the yolk sac developed from?
hypoblast
what is proximal to the yolk sac? the ectoderm or endoderm?
endoderm
where is the placenta located in 8-9 month fetus
inner wall of the uterus
whats the role of the placenta
exchange nutrients and waste byproducts between fetal and maternal blood (move through diffusion)
in a fetus, the umbilical vein conducts oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
oxygenated
a vein brings blood away or to the heart?
towards the heart
list the structures that oxygenated blood goes through from the placenta to the right atrium of the heart
placenta > umbilical vein > ductus venosus > inferior vena cava > right atrium of the heart
why does blood mostly bypass the fetal liver
Blood mostly bypasses the fetal liver because the placenta handles functions like nutrient processing and waste removal during fetal development. The ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to flow directly to the inferior vena cava, ensuring vital organs like the brain and heart receive well-oxygenated blood.
why does the blood mostly bypass the fetal lungs?
Blood mostly bypasses the fetal lungs because the lungs are not yet functional and filled with fluid, so oxygen exchange occurs in the placenta instead. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus direct most of the blood away from the lungs, ensuring oxygenated blood efficiently reaches the rest of the body.
how does oxygenated blood move from the right to the left atrium?
through the foramen ovale
explain the path of oxygenated blood in the heart of a fetus
Right atrium → Foramen ovale → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta (bypassing the lungs),
or
Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta
what does the ductus arteriosus connect?
pulmonary trunk to aorta
the umbilical arteries conduct partially ___________ blood through umbilical cord to placenta
deoxygenated
after the baby is born the umbilical ligaments is formed. what is that
degenerate structures of the umbilical vein and ductus venosus
after the baby is born, why doesnt the blood pass by the foramen ovale anymore
the increased blood pressure from the left atrium pushes a flap over the foramen ovale which closes it permanently
what is an echocardiogram
An echocardiogram is a non-invasive medical test that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. It helps doctors assess the heart’s structure (chambers, valves, and walls) and function (blood flow and pumping efficiency).
