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Kin 2Y03 > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epithelial cell is this?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium (non-keratinized)

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2
Q

what does a stratified epithelial cell mean

A

if there are several layers

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3
Q

what does squamous mean

A

if the cell is flattened or scale-like

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4
Q

differentiate keratinized and non-keratinized cells

A

keratinized = dead cells on surface
non-keratinized = free surface

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5
Q

why could keratinized cells be beneficial?

A

they contain keratin that makes the structure durable and moisture resistant

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6
Q

would the mouth be most likely to have keratinized or non-keratinized cells?

A

non-keratinized since keratin is moisture resistant and the mouth is very wet

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7
Q

what is the function of squamous stratified epithelium

A

protection against abrasion, ultraviolet radiation, water loss, and infection.

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8
Q

where can squamous stratified epithelium be found

A

nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, vagina
keratinized- skin

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9
Q

what cell is this

A

simple columnar epithelium

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10
Q

what does simple mean

A

single layer

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11
Q

what does columnar mean

A

looks like columns

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12
Q

what is a functional characteristic of squamous cells?

A

allow diffusion or act as filters

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13
Q

what is a functional characteristic of simple cells?

A

allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption

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14
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelium

A

glands, bronchioles, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ventricles of the brain

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15
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium

A

movement of particles out of the bronchioles, aids in the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells, secretion by glands of the stomach and the intestine, absorption by cells of the intestine

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16
Q

what is a functional characteristic of cuboidal/columnar cells?

A

secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus.

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17
Q

what kind of cell is this

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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18
Q

where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, and surface of the ovaries

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19
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

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20
Q

what kind of cell is this

A

simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

where can you find simple squamous epithelium

A

lining of blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli of the lungs, Bowman’s capsule of kidney, lining of serous membranes

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22
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium

A

diffusion, filtration, secretion

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23
Q

what kind of cell is this

A

transitional epithelium

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24
Q

what is the structure of transitional epithelium

A

stratified - cells change shape depending upon amount of distention of the organ

25
Q

where can you find transitional epithelium

A

lining of urinary system

26
Q

what is the function of transitional epithelium

A

accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or tube; protection against the caustic effects of urine

27
Q

what is a functional characteristic of stratified cells

A

protection, particularly against abrasion

28
Q

why is simple squamous epithelium best suited for alveolar lung cells

A

Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for alveolar lung cells because its single layer of flat cells facilitates efficient diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in capillaries. Its thin structure minimizes the barrier for gas exchange, which is critical for respiratory function

29
Q

why is cuboidal epithelium best suited for lining of kidney collecting ducts

A

Cuboidal epithelium is best suited for the lining of kidney collecting ducts because its cube-shaped cells are specialized for secretion and absorption, processes essential for adjusting the composition of urine and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. The structure allows for efficient transport and processing of substances within the ducts

30
Q

why is simple columnar epithelium best suited for lining of the gut

A

Simple columnar epithelium is best suited for lining the gut because its tall, narrow cells facilitate absorption of nutrients and secretion of digestive enzymes and mucus, both of which are essential for digestion. The presence of microvilli on these cells increases surface area, enhancing absorption efficiency

31
Q

why is stratified squamous epithelium (non keratinized) best suited for vaginal tissue

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) is best suited for vaginal tissue because its multiple layers provide protection against friction and abrasion, while maintaining moisture to prevent drying out. This structure is essential for withstanding mechanical stress during activities like childbirth

32
Q

why is transitional epithelium best suited for inner lining of ureter

A

Transitional epithelium is best suited for the inner lining of the ureter because its ability to stretch and change shape allows it to accommodate fluctuations in urine volume without tearing. This flexibility ensures the ureter remains intact while urine passes through​

33
Q

label ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus

A
34
Q

differentiate totipotent and pluripotent

A

Totipotent cells can form an entire organism (body + placenta). Pluripotent cells can form all body tissues but not the placenta or extraembryonic structures.

35
Q

define these terms: blastocele, morula, cavitation, blastocyst

A

blastocele = fluid filled cavity
morula = 12 cells or more forming a ball
cavitation = morula becomes blastocyst and there’s fluid in blastocele
blastocyst = the fluid filled hallowed sphere

36
Q

describe the blastocyst on day 6

A

blastocele + inner mass cell + trophoblast

37
Q

The single layer of cells around the blastocyst is called the ________________

A

The single layer of cells around the blastocyst is called the trophoblast.

The trophoblast plays a critical role in implantation and contributes to the formation of the placenta later in development.

38
Q

differentiate cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

A
39
Q

label this image:
endometrium
extraembryonic mesoderm
connecting stalk
syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
lacuna
amniotic sac
amniotic cavity
hypoblast
epiblast
blastocele
yolk sac

A
40
Q

the embryonic disk is made of ?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

41
Q

differentiate the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

A
42
Q

the 3 germ layers are made of the epiblast or the hypoblast?

A

Epiblast: 3 germ layers
Hypoblast: extraembryonic membranes

43
Q

how is lacunae formed

A

the syncytiotrophoblast cells invade the uterine lining until it reaches maternal blood vessels (sinusoids). They digest them to create pools of blood (=lacunae)

44
Q

what is the yolk sac developed from?

A

hypoblast

45
Q

what is proximal to the yolk sac? the ectoderm or endoderm?

A

endoderm

46
Q

where is the placenta located in 8-9 month fetus

A

inner wall of the uterus

47
Q

whats the role of the placenta

A

exchange nutrients and waste byproducts between fetal and maternal blood (move through diffusion)

48
Q

in a fetus, the umbilical vein conducts oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

oxygenated

49
Q

a vein brings blood away or to the heart?

A

towards the heart

50
Q

list the structures that oxygenated blood goes through from the placenta to the right atrium of the heart

A

placenta > umbilical vein > ductus venosus > inferior vena cava > right atrium of the heart

51
Q

why does blood mostly bypass the fetal liver

A

Blood mostly bypasses the fetal liver because the placenta handles functions like nutrient processing and waste removal during fetal development. The ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to flow directly to the inferior vena cava, ensuring vital organs like the brain and heart receive well-oxygenated blood.

52
Q

why does the blood mostly bypass the fetal lungs?

A

Blood mostly bypasses the fetal lungs because the lungs are not yet functional and filled with fluid, so oxygen exchange occurs in the placenta instead. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus direct most of the blood away from the lungs, ensuring oxygenated blood efficiently reaches the rest of the body.

53
Q

how does oxygenated blood move from the right to the left atrium?

A

through the foramen ovale

54
Q

explain the path of oxygenated blood in the heart of a fetus

A

Right atrium → Foramen ovale → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta (bypassing the lungs),
or
Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta

55
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus connect?

A

pulmonary trunk to aorta

56
Q

the umbilical arteries conduct partially ___________ blood through umbilical cord to placenta

A

deoxygenated

57
Q

after the baby is born the umbilical ligaments is formed. what is that

A

degenerate structures of the umbilical vein and ductus venosus

58
Q

after the baby is born, why doesnt the blood pass by the foramen ovale anymore

A

the increased blood pressure from the left atrium pushes a flap over the foramen ovale which closes it permanently

59
Q

what is an echocardiogram

A

An echocardiogram is a non-invasive medical test that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. It helps doctors assess the heart’s structure (chambers, valves, and walls) and function (blood flow and pumping efficiency).

Kin 2Y03 (18 decks)

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