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Microbiology > L9 > Flashcards

L9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sterilization removes all __, which includes __ and __ but does not apply to __.

A

microbes; viruses; endospores; prions

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2
Q

A sterilant is a __ agent.

A

sterilizing

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3
Q

Aspetic refers to an environment that is free of contamination by __.

A

pathogens

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4
Q

Sepsis is to __ as Septic is to __.

A

bacterial contamination; having bacterial contamination

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5
Q

Disinfectants destroy __.

A

microbes

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6
Q

Antiseptics are used on __ for __.

A

skin; disinfection/process of applying disinfectant

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7
Q

Degerming removes __ from __ by __ also known as __ removing.

A

microbes; surface; scrubbing; mechanical

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8
Q

Sanitization is the process of disinfecting __.

A

places/utensils used by public to decrease microbes for public health standard

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9
Q

Pasteurization uses __ to kill __ and decrease __ causing __.

A

heat; pathogens; microbes; spoilage

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10
Q

Stasis/static inhibits __/__, but it does __ necessarily kill.

A

growth; metabolism; not

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11
Q

Cide/cidal __/__ inactivates particular __.

A

destroys; permanently; microbe, bacteriocide or germicides

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12
Q

Microbial death is the __ loss of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions.

A

permanent

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13
Q

Microbial death rate is __ over time for any particular organism under particular conditions.

A

constant

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14
Q

Alteration of cells walls does what to cell walls? What type of solution?

A

cell walls counteract osmosis when in hypotonic solution, w/o cell’s wall will burst, damage to cytoplasmic membrane allows contents to leak –> cell death

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15
Q

Damaging protein/nucleic acid works because without proteins cells can’t do what?

A

cells do not function properly –> cell death, fatal mutations

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16
Q

More microbes means it takes __ to eliminate them.

A

longer

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17
Q

Most disinfectants work better in __ conditions.

A

warm

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18
Q

Presence of __ material inhibits antimicrobials, an example is __.

A

organic material; blood, sputum

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19
Q

In general, __ concentrations and __ solutions are more effective.

A

higher; fresher

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20
Q

List some examples of organisms that susceptible.

A

In order from most susceptible to least:

enveloped viruses
gram + bacteria
non-enveloped viruses
fungi
gram - bacteria
active stage protozoa
cysts of protozoa
mycobacteria
bacterial endospores
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21
Q

High level germicide kills all __, including __, and is used for __ instruments.

A

pathogens; endospores; invasive

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22
Q

Intermediate level germicide kills __ spores, __ cysts, viruses, __ bacteria, but NOT __. Used for instruments that contact __ membranes.

A

fungal; protozoan; pathogenic; endospores; mucus

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23
Q

Low level germicide kills __ bacteria, fungi, __, some __, used for items that only contact __.

A

vegetative; protozoa; viruses; skin

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24
Q

Biosafety levels were established by the CDC for what?

A

for safety in labs dealing with pathogens

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25
Q

BSL 1: Is suitable for what? Has minimal precautions, and examples include:

A

microbes not known to cause human disease; handwashing with antibacterial soap and disinfecting surfaces

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26
Q

BSL 2: Is designed for what? Extreme precautions should be practiced with?

A

moderately hazardous pathogens such as hepatitis, influenza, MRSA; sharps and procedures causing aerosols

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27
Q

BSL 3: Is designed for what? And involves all manipulations be done in?

A

designed for bacteria such as TB, anthrax, yellow fever, RMSF; safety cabinets with HEPA filters, double entry doors, negative air pressure, and air leaving room HEPA filtered

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28
Q

BSL 4: is designed for dangerous/exotic microbes that cause __ disease in humans, such as __. Some precautions include: __.

A

fatal; Ebola, small pox, Lassa fever; separate building or completely isolated from other areas, entry with electronically sealed airlocks, multiple showers, vacuum room, UV light room, air and water leaving are filtered, personnel wear suits with air hoses, suits and lab pressurized to sweep microbes away

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29
Q

The phenol coefficient compares what? A ratio greater than 1 indicates __.

A

ability to control microbes to phenol under standardized conditions; microbe is more effective than phenol

30
Q

With “use-dilutions,” the current standard and most effective is?

A

one that entirely prevents growth at highest dilution

31
Q

With disk diffusion, the larger zone indicates __.

A

most effective zone following incubation, or may only indicate how easily antimicrobial agent diffuses into agar

32
Q

How do you perform an in-use test?

A

swabs taken from actual object before/after application of disinfectant and then inoculated on appropriate media, incubated, and examined for growth

33
Q

What does the Kelsey-Skyes Capacity Test determine?

A

determines capacity of chemical to inhibit bacterial growth

34
Q

DRT stands for __.

A

decimal reduction time

35
Q

The TDP is what?

A

thermal death point; lowest temp that kills all cells in broth in 10 minutes

36
Q

Moist heat kills by __.

A

denaturing proteins

37
Q

Boiling kills what types of organisms?

A

vegetative bacteria and fungi, protozoa, trophs, mos viruses at sea level within 10 minutes

38
Q

Autoclaves use __ to heat steam to __ degrees celcius at __ psi. They destroy __ in small volume in about __ minutes. They do not destroy __.

A

pressure chamber; 121; 15; microbes; 10; prions

39
Q

Pasteurization kills all organisms, T or F?

A

F

40
Q

What temp is used for pasteurization? What temp is used for high temp pasteurization?

A

varies with product (ex. 72 degrees for milk); much higher (ex. milk at least 135-140 degrees)

41
Q

Dry heat is used for things that cannot be exposed to steam. It works by doing what?

A

flame tip of tube or flask, requires higher temp over longer time, denatures proteins and oxidizes metabolites, 171 degrees for 1 hour or 160-170 C for 2 hours

42
Q

Incineration is the __ sterilization, and involves using temps at __ degrees C, and is used for __.

A

ultimate; about 1500 degrees C; biomedical waste

43
Q

What does refrigeration/freezing decrease? Does it kill all microbes?

A

decrease microbial metabolism/growth/reproduction; no

44
Q

Dessiccation involves __ that inhibits __ because metabolism requires __.

A

drying; growth; water

45
Q

Lyophilization is the combination of what two things?

A

freezing and drying

46
Q

What does high pressure alter? What is it used for?

A

alters molecular structures of proteins and carbs; used to preserve fruit juices

47
Q

Osmotic pressure uses high concentrations of what?

A

salt or sugar in food

48
Q

Filtration can trap microbes larger than __, uses membrane filters made of __ or plastic with pore size of 25 __ to less than __ microns. Prions can pass through __ microns.

A

pores; nitrocellulose; microns; .01; .01

49
Q

Radiation involves using what type of radiation?

A

shorter wavelength radiation (electromagnetic)

50
Q

Ionizing radiation uses what types of rays? It works by disrupting what?

A

electron beams, gamma rays, x-rays shorter than 1 nm; disrupts H bonds

51
Q

What is non-ionizing radiation used for?

A

transparent fluid, air, surfaces

52
Q

Microwaves do not have much direct effect on?

A

microbes

53
Q

Phenol: denature __, disrupt cell __, intermediate to low level, used in home and healthcare settings, Lysol, bad odor and may __ skin, can add other functional groups or reactive atoms like __ phenols which __ antimicrobial action and make a __ annoying odor, also includes natural oils like pine and clove, bisphenols are derivatives of phenols with 2 phenolic groups bridged together.

A

proteins; membrane; chlorinated; enhance; less

54
Q

Biguanides: __ spectrum activity, affect bacterial cell membrane, especially gram __ activity, affects gram negatives except __, not sporicidal but effective on enveloped viruses - examples chlorhexidine and alexidine in surgical hand scrubs

A

broad; positive; pseudomonads

55
Q

Alcohols: __ level, not effective against __ or __ spores, isopropyl and ethanol denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic membrane, require some water, __% alcohol, tinctures of antimicrobials in alcohol often more effective than same chemical in water, alcohol used in hand sanitizer rarely reaches claimed 99.9% effectiveness in typical usesrs, C. difficile and uneveloped viruses relatively resistant.

A

intermediate; fungal; bacterial; 70-90

56
Q

Acid-anionic sanitizers: used in __ processing, __ reacts with plasma membrane, act on a __ spectrum, fast acting, odorless, non-toxic, non-corrosive

A

food processing; anion; wide

57
Q

Which halogens are used in the following sources: antiseptics, bleach, hot tubs, germicidal, drinking water, and to large spaces?

A 
antiseptic --> iodine
bleach --> Cl
hot tubs --> Br
germicidal --> HOCL
drinking water --> Cl2
large spaces --> ClO2
58
Q

Why can oxidizing agents NOT be used on wounds?

A

peroxides, ozone, peracetic acid

59
Q

What are peroxygens used for?

A

good for inanimate objects, can sterilize atmosphere and surfaces such as hospital rooms

60
Q

Surfactants decrease what?

A

surface tension of water

61
Q

Quaternary ammonia compounds are used in industrial and medical applications because they are __ to humans. An example of where you might find one of them in a household product is __. They work by __ cellular membranes.

A

harmless; mouthwash; disrupting

62
Q

Heave metals combine with __ in cysteine, alter __ shape of proteins.

A

sulfur; 3D

63
Q

Aldehydes are carcinogenic, T or F?

A

T

64
Q

Gases are used to sterlize objects that can’t use what?

A

heat or chemicals

65
Q

What are enzymes used for in terms of disinfecting?

A

act against microbes, used in cheese and wine industries

66
Q

Sulfur dioxide is used in making what?

A

wine

67
Q

These are additives that prevent molds:

A

sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, calcium propionate

68
Q

These are used in meat, and prevent germination of botulism spores:

A

sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite

69
Q

Plasma sterilization is used to sterilize what?

A

tubes with very narrow diameter

70
Q

define supercritical fluids

A

carbon dioxide is compressed into “supercritical state,” have properties of both liquid and gas, most organisms in vegetative states are inactivated and even endospores only require a temp of 45 degrees C

71
Q

Which antibiotics are used in food preservation and not used in therapeutically in humans?

A

Nisin, Natamycin

Microbiology (10 decks)

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