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L4 Flashcards

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1
Q

1 cm = ___m

A

.01

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2
Q

1 mm = ___m

A

.001

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3
Q

1 um = ___m

A

.0000001

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4
Q

1 nm = ___m

A

.0000000001

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5
Q

wavelength

A

distance between 2 corresponding parts of a wave, visible light is 400 nm (violet), to 650 nm (red) with white at about 550 nm

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6
Q

magnification

A

apparent size of an object, indicated by a number and “X,” result of refraction created by curved lens, magnetic fields refract electrons

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7
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish between 2 objects close together, modern microscope resolution of .2 microns, depends on wavelength of light/electrons and numerical aperature

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8
Q

numerical aperature

A

ability of a lens to gather light

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9
Q

resolution formula

A

resolution distance = (.61 x wavelength)/numerical aperature

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10
Q

contrast

A

difference in intensity between 2 objects; improves resolution, so stain most microbes

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11
Q

measure of light bending ability of a medium, change this by staining to give sharper contrast

A

refractive index

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12
Q

determined by multiplying magnification of objective X ocular

A

total magnification

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13
Q

lens closest to eyes, typically magnifies 10X

A

ocular

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14
Q

most common, background or field illuminated

A

bright field

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15
Q

use series of lenses for magnification, as early as 1590 by Galileo, but 1830 before compound lenses could exceed the clarity of the simple lens

A

compound

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16
Q

single magnifying lens, “magnifying glass,” Leeuwenhoek in 1673

A

simple

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17
Q

lens immediately above object being magnified

A

objective

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18
Q

photograph of a microscopic image

A

micrograph

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19
Q

used only on oil lenses, preserves deflection of light rays at highest magnifications, improves resolving power of lens

A

immersion oil

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20
Q

directs light through specimen with mirrors/prisms

A

condenser

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21
Q

light source

A

illuminator

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22
Q

What is a dark field?

A

specimen made to appear light on dark background; stops prevent light from entering condenser

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23
Q

Phase Contrast: used to examine living __ that would be damaged by affixing them to slides or staining, use __ sets of light rays, __ where they are in phase, __ where they are out of phase, useful for observing __.

A

organisms; 2; bright; dim; flagella/cilia

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24
Q

Differential interference contrast microscope (Nomarski): creates __ patterns, split light into components, __ contrast, shows __ image

A

interference; increased; 3D

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25
Fluorescent: use __ light source to __ objects, has __ wavelength and __ contrast because of dark background, fluorescent dyes used, (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus anthracis)
UV; fluoresce; shorter; increased
26
use fluorescent dyes or Ab and UV lasers to illuminate in a single plane no thicker than 1.0 microns, "slices" digitized on computer for 3D images (like MRI)
confocal
27
TPM: 2 photon microscopy, uses __ wavelength red light, __ photons needed to excite fluorochrome to emit light, allows imaging of living cells tin tissue to __ deep
long; 2; 1
28
SAM: scanning acoustic microscopy: interprets __ of a sound wave sent through specimen, resolution about __ micron, used to study __ attached to another surface like cancer cells and biofilms
action; 1; living cells
29
Electron Microscopy: wavelengths from __ to __ vs. light microscope using 400-650 nm, magnify 10,000-100,000X
.01 nm; .001 nm
30
TEM (transmission electron microscopy): generates beam of __ for image on screen, enhanced with electron dense stains, must be in __, specimens must be very thin, dehydrated, and put in plastic, __ thick
electrons; vacuum; 100 nm
31
SEM (scanning electron microscopy): electrons used to view specimens __, magnify __X with 20 nm resolution, __ specimen can be observed, needs vacuum
surface; 10,000; whole
32
Probe Microscopy: relatively __, uses pointed electronic probes to __ 100,000,000X
new; magnify
33
STM (scanning __ microscope): flow of __ between probe and specimen, specimen must be electrically __, views surface, can measure as small as .01 nm
tunneling; current; conductive
34
AFM (atomic force microscope): measures __ of laser beam, can magnify specimens that do __ conduct electricity, can be living, no __ needed
deflection; not; vacuum
35
What is a smear?
thin film of the organism on slide
36
How do you heat fix a slide? Chemically fix it?
slide gently heated, pass through flame with smear up | chemicals also used such as methanol or formalin applied for 1 minute
37
What do acid dyes stain?
alkaline structures
38
What do basic dyes stain?
acidic structures
39
A simple stain is composed of?
single, basic dye; crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue
40
Why do differential stains use more than 1 dye?
so different cells/chemicals/structures can be differentiated
41
What type of stain is used for organisms with waxy cell walls?
acid fast stain
42
Give an example of an organism an endospore stain is used for.
Bacillus and Clostridium sp.
43
What is a negative capsule stain?
stain background and leave cell colorless | eosin and nigrosin, reveal a negatively charged capsule as a halo
44
What is a flagellar stain used for?
to make flagella larger and more visible
45
What type of stain contains heavy metals?
electron microscopy stains
46
define taxonomy
science of classifying and naming organisms
47
Describe the Linnaeus method.
1753 Carolus Linnaeus - prior names were descriptive and varied scientist to scientist, based on common characteristics
48
three domains of life
eukarya, bacteria, archae
49
All taxa have __ names.
Latin names
50
What "types" are the three domains based on?
types of ribosomal nucleotides (pro/eukaryotes)
51
What characteristic is defined by morphology/shape?
physical characteristics
52
What morphology is used to ID when organisms appear similar?
biochemical tests
53
What is the testing called that tests for presence of Ag using an Ab?
serological tests
54
What is phage typing?
phages are specific for a particular host | use phage to determine if its host is present
55
What is used to compare nucleotide sequences?
nucleic acid analysis
56
What is a Dichotomous key?
series of paired yes/no statements to efficiently identify an organism
57
What info is in Bergey's Manual?
information on labratory identification of prokaryotes
58
Why are viruses not included in original hierarchy created by Linnaeus?
Linnaeus did not know viruses existed.
59
How many hours for rapid identification method?
4-24
60
Where would fatty acid profiles be used?
clinical and public health labs
61
How does blow cytometry work?
used to ID bacteria without culturing; moving fluid with bacteria forced through opening and detects presence of bacteria by detecting difference in conductivity of cells and medium can also be illuminated by a laser or with fluorescence
62
Used to draw conclusions about relatedness?
DNA base composition
63
What info is obtaining from DNA fingerprinting?
info about genetic similarities and differences and how closely related
64
What method is used to increase microbial DNA levels that can be tested by gel electrophoresis?
NAATS
65
Maps that show evolutionary relationships?
cladograms
66
With nucleic acid hybridization identification techniques, the greater the hybridization, the greater the __.
degree of relatedness
67
What is southern blotting?
uses DNA probes to test hybridization of DNA strands
68
What are DNA chips or microarrays?
chip composed of DNA probes, sample/unknown DNA added to chip with fluorescent dye and look for hybridization between the probe and DNA sample
69
What do ribotyping and ribsomal RNA sequencing determine? And, how?
determine phylogenic relationships uses PCR to amplify signature sequences and then compares restriction fragments on gel electrophoresis
70
What does FISH stand for?
fluorescence in situ hybridization

Microbiology (10 decks)

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