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Microbiology > L4 > Flashcards

L4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1 cm = ___m

A

.01

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2
Q

1 mm = ___m

A

.001

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3
Q

1 um = ___m

A

.0000001

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4
Q

1 nm = ___m

A

.0000000001

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5
Q

wavelength

A

distance between 2 corresponding parts of a wave, visible light is 400 nm (violet), to 650 nm (red) with white at about 550 nm

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6
Q

magnification

A

apparent size of an object, indicated by a number and “X,” result of refraction created by curved lens, magnetic fields refract electrons

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7
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish between 2 objects close together, modern microscope resolution of .2 microns, depends on wavelength of light/electrons and numerical aperature

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8
Q

numerical aperature

A

ability of a lens to gather light

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9
Q

resolution formula

A

resolution distance = (.61 x wavelength)/numerical aperature

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10
Q

contrast

A

difference in intensity between 2 objects; improves resolution, so stain most microbes

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11
Q

measure of light bending ability of a medium, change this by staining to give sharper contrast

A

refractive index

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12
Q

determined by multiplying magnification of objective X ocular

A

total magnification

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13
Q

lens closest to eyes, typically magnifies 10X

A

ocular

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14
Q

most common, background or field illuminated

A

bright field

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15
Q

use series of lenses for magnification, as early as 1590 by Galileo, but 1830 before compound lenses could exceed the clarity of the simple lens

A

compound

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16
Q

single magnifying lens, “magnifying glass,” Leeuwenhoek in 1673

A

simple

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17
Q

lens immediately above object being magnified

A

objective

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18
Q

photograph of a microscopic image

A

micrograph

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19
Q

used only on oil lenses, preserves deflection of light rays at highest magnifications, improves resolving power of lens

A

immersion oil

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20
Q

directs light through specimen with mirrors/prisms

A

condenser

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21
Q

light source

A

illuminator

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22
Q

What is a dark field?

A

specimen made to appear light on dark background; stops prevent light from entering condenser

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23
Q

Phase Contrast: used to examine living __ that would be damaged by affixing them to slides or staining, use __ sets of light rays, __ where they are in phase, __ where they are out of phase, useful for observing __.

A

organisms; 2; bright; dim; flagella/cilia

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24
Q

Differential interference contrast microscope (Nomarski): creates __ patterns, split light into components, __ contrast, shows __ image

A

interference; increased; 3D

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25
Q

Fluorescent: use __ light source to __ objects, has __ wavelength and __ contrast because of dark background, fluorescent dyes used, (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus anthracis)

A

UV; fluoresce; shorter; increased

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26
Q

use fluorescent dyes or Ab and UV lasers to illuminate in a single plane no thicker than 1.0 microns, “slices” digitized on computer for 3D images (like MRI)

A

confocal

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27
Q

TPM: 2 photon microscopy, uses __ wavelength red light, __ photons needed to excite fluorochrome to emit light, allows imaging of living cells tin tissue to __ deep

A

long; 2; 1

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28
Q

SAM: scanning acoustic microscopy: interprets __ of a sound wave sent through specimen, resolution about __ micron, used to study __ attached to another surface like cancer cells and biofilms

A

action; 1; living cells

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29
Q

Electron Microscopy: wavelengths from __ to __ vs. light microscope using 400-650 nm, magnify 10,000-100,000X

A

.01 nm; .001 nm

30
Q

TEM (transmission electron microscopy): generates beam of __ for image on screen, enhanced with electron dense stains, must be in __, specimens must be very thin, dehydrated, and put in plastic, __ thick

A

electrons; vacuum; 100 nm

31
Q

SEM (scanning electron microscopy): electrons used to view specimens __, magnify __X with 20 nm resolution, __ specimen can be observed, needs vacuum

A

surface; 10,000; whole

32
Q

Probe Microscopy: relatively __, uses pointed electronic probes to __ 100,000,000X

A

new; magnify

33
Q

STM (scanning __ microscope): flow of __ between probe and specimen, specimen must be electrically __, views surface, can measure as small as .01 nm

A

tunneling; current; conductive

34
Q

AFM (atomic force microscope): measures __ of laser beam, can magnify specimens that do __ conduct electricity, can be living, no __ needed

A

deflection; not; vacuum

35
Q

What is a smear?

A

thin film of the organism on slide

36
Q

How do you heat fix a slide? Chemically fix it?

A

slide gently heated, pass through flame with smear up

chemicals also used such as methanol or formalin applied for 1 minute

37
Q

What do acid dyes stain?

A

alkaline structures

38
Q

What do basic dyes stain?

A

acidic structures

39
Q

A simple stain is composed of?

A

single, basic dye; crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue

40
Q

Why do differential stains use more than 1 dye?

A

so different cells/chemicals/structures can be differentiated

41
Q

What type of stain is used for organisms with waxy cell walls?

A

acid fast stain

42
Q

Give an example of an organism an endospore stain is used for.

A

Bacillus and Clostridium sp.

43
Q

What is a negative capsule stain?

A

stain background and leave cell colorless

eosin and nigrosin, reveal a negatively charged capsule as a halo

44
Q

What is a flagellar stain used for?

A

to make flagella larger and more visible

45
Q

What type of stain contains heavy metals?

A

electron microscopy stains

46
Q

define taxonomy

A

science of classifying and naming organisms

47
Q

Describe the Linnaeus method.

A

1753 Carolus Linnaeus - prior names were descriptive and varied scientist to scientist, based on common characteristics

48
Q

three domains of life

A

eukarya, bacteria, archae

49
Q

All taxa have __ names.

A

Latin names

50
Q

What “types” are the three domains based on?

A

types of ribosomal nucleotides (pro/eukaryotes)

51
Q

What characteristic is defined by morphology/shape?

A

physical characteristics

52
Q

What morphology is used to ID when organisms appear similar?

A

biochemical tests

53
Q

What is the testing called that tests for presence of Ag using an Ab?

A

serological tests

54
Q

What is phage typing?

A

phages are specific for a particular host

use phage to determine if its host is present

55
Q

What is used to compare nucleotide sequences?

A

nucleic acid analysis

56
Q

What is a Dichotomous key?

A

series of paired yes/no statements to efficiently identify an organism

57
Q

What info is in Bergey’s Manual?

A

information on labratory identification of prokaryotes

58
Q

Why are viruses not included in original hierarchy created by Linnaeus?

A

Linnaeus did not know viruses existed.

59
Q

How many hours for rapid identification method?

A

4-24

60
Q

Where would fatty acid profiles be used?

A

clinical and public health labs

61
Q

How does blow cytometry work?

A

used to ID bacteria without culturing; moving fluid with bacteria forced through opening and detects presence of bacteria by detecting difference in conductivity of cells and medium

can also be illuminated by a laser or with fluorescence

62
Q

Used to draw conclusions about relatedness?

A

DNA base composition

63
Q

What info is obtaining from DNA fingerprinting?

A

info about genetic similarities and differences and how closely related

64
Q

What method is used to increase microbial DNA levels that can be tested by gel electrophoresis?

A

NAATS

65
Q

Maps that show evolutionary relationships?

A

cladograms

66
Q

With nucleic acid hybridization identification techniques, the greater the hybridization, the greater the __.

A

degree of relatedness

67
Q

What is southern blotting?

A

uses DNA probes to test hybridization of DNA strands

68
Q

What are DNA chips or microarrays?

A

chip composed of DNA probes, sample/unknown DNA added to chip with fluorescent dye and look for hybridization between the probe and DNA sample

69
Q

What do ribotyping and ribsomal RNA sequencing determine? And, how?

A

determine phylogenic relationships

uses PCR to amplify signature sequences and then compares restriction fragments on gel electrophoresis

70
Q

What does FISH stand for?

A

fluorescence in situ hybridization

Microbiology (10 decks)

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