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Microbiology > L2 > Flashcards

L2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

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2
Q

C, H, O, N, S structures, enzymatic catalysts, regulatory functions, hormones, genes, transport Ab, complement, bacteriocins

A

proteins

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3
Q

unbranched, polypeptides linked in specific order determined by genes

A

protein structure

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4
Q

nonmonomer, almost entirely C and H so are hydrophobic

A

lipids

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5
Q

C, H, O (CH20)n energy, DNA/RNA backbone, cells walls

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

50-99% of most organisms, 2 polar covalent bonds

A

water

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7
Q

very large lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids

A

organic macromolecules

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8
Q

attraction of partial positive and partial negative charges

A

hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

reactants, products maing/breaking chemical bonds

A

chemical reactions

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10
Q

attraction of + and - charged ions

A

ionic bonds

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11
Q

sharing a pair of electrons by 2 atoms

A

covalent bonds

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12
Q

attractive forces combining atoms

A

chemical bonds

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13
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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14
Q

smallest chemical unit of matter

A

atoms

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15
Q

simple model of atom with nucleus in center and electron shells around outside (Niels Bohr model, 1913)

A

atomic structure

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16
Q

negatively charged subatomic particles

A

electrons

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17
Q

positively charged particle in nucleus

A

proton

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18
Q

uncharged particle in nucleus

A

neutron

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19
Q

matter composed of single type of atom

A

element

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20
Q

number of protons in nuclei

A

atomic number

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21
Q

sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons (add protons and neutrons, electrons very small, not considered significant)

A

atomic mass

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22
Q

regions corresponding to different energy levels

A

electron shells

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23
Q

atom of given element with different number of protons in nuclei

A

isotopes

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24
Q

arrangement of electrons, determines chemical behavior

A

electron configuration

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25
Q

electrons in outermost shell - ones that interact with other atoms, its combining capacity

A

valence

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26
Q

2 or more atoms of same element

A

molecule

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27
Q

2 or more atoms of different elements

A

compound

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28
Q

atoms have different electronegativities so electrons spend more time around 1 atom

A

polar covalent

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29
Q

attraction for electrons

A

electronegativity

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30
Q

electrons spend equal time around each nucleus

A

non-polar covalent bond

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31
Q

(+) charged

A

cation

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32
Q

(-) charged

A

anion

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33
Q

crystalline form of ionic compounds

A

salts

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34
Q

dissociated ions surrounding water

A

electrolytes

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35
Q

atoms/ions/molecules at beginning

A

reactants

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36
Q

atoms/ions/molecules at end

A

products

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37
Q

molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams, 6.02 x 10^23 particles of something

A

mole

38
Q

form larger/more complex molecule

A

synthesis reaction

39
Q

2 small molecules covalently joined and produce water

A

dehydration synthesis

40
Q

require energy, absorbs energy

A

endothermic/endergonic reaction

41
Q

synthesis reactions in an organism

A

anabolism

42
Q

break larger molecules into smaller ones

A

decomposition

43
Q

release heat, release energy

A

exothermic/exergonic reaction

44
Q

covalent bond in broken and ionic components of water (H + OH-) added to product

A

hydrolysis

45
Q

decomposition of an organism

A

catabolism

46
Q

transfer reaction - atoms removed from 1 molecule to another, A + B > AB + C

A

exchange reaction

47
Q

dissociates into 1 or more H+ ions and 1 or more anions, HCl, sulfuric acid

A

acid

48
Q

molecule that binds with OH- ions when dissolved in water, H+ + OH- > water

A

base

49
Q

potential hydrogen / percent hydrogen, logarithmic scale, 1 whole # increase is a 10 fold increase

A

pH

50
Q

compound that dissociates in water

A

salts

51
Q

substance that prevents drastic changes in pH

A

buffer

52
Q

certain atoms that commonly appear in groups

A

functional groups

53
Q

simpler subunits of protein, carbs, and nucleic acids

A

monomer

54
Q

chains of monomers joined together

A

polymer

55
Q

made from dehydration synthesis, triglycerides

A

fats

56
Q

amount of H and C bonds

A

saturation

57
Q

each C attached to max # of H, solely single bonds

A

saturated

58
Q

1 unsaturated bond

A

monounsaturated

59
Q

multiple unsaturated bonds

A

polyunsaturated

60
Q

2 fatty acids attached to glycerol with a phosphate, hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

A

phospholipids

61
Q

1 long chain fatty acid covalantly linked to a long chained alcohol by ester bond, completely water insoluble, certain organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis make waxy walls

A

waxes

62
Q

4 rings with 5-6 attached C’s attached to each other, cholesterol most common

A

sterols, steroids

63
Q

2 monosaccharides linked together

A

disaccharide

64
Q

several monosaccharides linked, can be branched/unbranched, peptidoglycan important, linked with amino acids in bacteria

A

polysaccharide

65
Q

composed of 2-20 monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

66
Q

protein monomers

A

amino acids

67
Q

in both D and L form, amino acids are almost always L form, mirror images of each other

A

stereoisomers

68
Q

bond between 2 amino acids, dehydration synthesis to form covalent bond

A

peptide bond

69
Q

sequence of amino acids

A

primary (protein structure)

70
Q

ionic and hydrogen bonds causing alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

A

secondary (protein structure)

71
Q

3D shape, not repetitive like secondary structure, R groups form covalent and ionic bonds, disulfide bridges

A

tertiary (protein structure)

72
Q

2 or more polypeptide chains linked together

A

quaternary (protein structure)

73
Q

when protein loses its characteristic shape due to temp, pH, or salt concentrations

A

denaturation

74
Q

double helix in the shape of a twisted ladder, sugar phosphate backbone and complementary nucleotide pairs make up the rungs of the ladder

A

DNA shape

75
Q

a monomer of nucleotide, consists of phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous bases (A. T, C, G, U)

A

nucleotides

76
Q

A and G double rings

A

purines

77
Q

C, T, U single rings

A

pyrimidines

78
Q

stands run in opposite directions, run 5’ to 3’; 5’ = carbon 5 attached to a phosphate

A

antiparallel strands

79
Q

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates, principal short term recyclable energy supply for cells

A

ATP

80
Q

ribonucleic acid, usually single stranded, 5 carbon sugar is ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine
> 3 major kinds: RNA, mRNA, rRNA, all have major role in protein synthesis

A

RNA

81
Q

The atomic mass of element is equal to the sum of its

A

protons and neutrons

82
Q

An isotope of a given element contains a different number of ___ in its nuclei.

A

neutrons

83
Q

The electron configuration of an element determines what?

A

chemical behavior

84
Q

difference between organic and inorganic chemistry

A

organic if of C and H; inorganic includes all elements

85
Q

What does electronegativity of an element affect?

A

attraction of electrons

86
Q

What is the magic number written in scientific notation that represents the number of particles of something in a Mole?

A

6.02 x 10^23

87
Q

In a chemical reaction, which comes first?

A

reactants

88
Q

What reaction is used for more complex molecules

A

synthesis

89
Q

very large lipids, include C and found in living things (ex. carbs, proteins, nucleic acids)

A

organic macromolecules

90
Q

made from dehydration synthesis and triglycerides

A

fats

Microbiology (10 decks)

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