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Microbiology > L8 > Flashcards

L8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biotechnology involves the use of what? To make what?

A

microbes to make practical products

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2
Q

The use of artificial selection to select desirable traits, by means of genetic engineering (naturally and artificially modifying) is known as what type of technology?

A

recombinant DNA technology

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3
Q

A clone is?

A

group of genetically identical cells

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4
Q

List the three goals of genetic manipulation.

A
  1. eliminate undesired phenotypic traits
  2. combine beneficial traits of 2 or more organisms
  3. create organisms that synthesize products humans need
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5
Q

Mutagens are used to induce what? They select cells with what?

A

changes in genome; characteristics considered beneficial

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6
Q

Site-directed mutagenesis is different from mutagens, how?

A

more targeted, used to make a specific change

in a gene

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7
Q

Reverse transcriptase creates flow of genetic info in the opposite direction of what?

A

conventional transcriptase

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8
Q

Why is cDNA easier to isolate desired genes? What’s special about eukaryotic mRNA?

A

because there are more copies; eukaryotes mRNA has introns removed so can be inserted into prokaryotes to make eukaryotic proteins like insulin, uses reverse
transcriptase

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9
Q

What can synthetic nucleic acids produce? What is difficult about it?

A

DNA/RNA in a free cell solution; difficulty is knowing the sequence of the gene

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10
Q

define probes

A

nucleic acids w/ specific sequences labeled so their locations can be detected, short segment ssDNA that are complementary to desired gene

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11
Q

Restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules at locations with?

A

with specific & palindromic

nucleotide sequences

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12
Q

This occurs when the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA in the same place.

A

blunt ends

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13
Q

This occurs when the restriction enzyme makes staggered cuts. What can it be used to join?

A

sticky ends; can be used to join 2 different DNAs cut by the same restriction enzyme

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14
Q

give three examples of vectors

A

nucleic acids such as viruses, transposons, & plasmids

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15
Q

Shuttle vectors can survive in several different __.

A

species

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16
Q

What are gene libraries?

A

a collection of bacterial or phage clones which contain a portion of the genetic material of interest, many commercially available

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17
Q

What is used to amplify DNA in vitro?

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

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18
Q

What is denaturation in regards to DNA? What temp? What does it do?

A

heat 94 degrees C, separates 2 strands of target DNA

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19
Q

With an extension, the temp is raised to what? What does this increase?

A

72 degrees C; increases rate DNA pol

replicates each strand

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20
Q

Just 30 cycles can produce how many identical copies?

A

over one billion

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21
Q

What is a thermocycler?

A

device that automatically performs PCR

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22
Q

What can real time PCR measure? Monitor?

A

of DNA sequences in a sample; progression and effectiveness of treatment

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23
Q

What is clone selection of recombinant cells?

A

use probes to bind specifically & exclusively

to complementary nucleotides sequence with a radioactive or fluorescent label

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24
Q

What are “rif lips?”

A

in gel, electrophoresis, DNA digested with restriction enzymes to make thousands of fragments of various sizes, called RFLP (restriction fragment length plolymorphisms) “rif lips” & separate on gel
electrophoresis

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25
Q

What are northern blot tests for?

A

similar technique to detect specific RNA sequences

26
Q

What are three things DNA microarray is used for?

A
  1. Monitor gene expression
  2. Diagnose infection
  3. Identify organisms in an environmental sample
27
Q

What is electroporation?

A

use electrical current to put microscopic hole in cell

membrane

28
Q

What are protoplasts? What is protoplast fusion?

A

protoplasts are cells with walls removed; protoplasts

encounter 1 another & cytoplasms fuse to form a single cell with genomes of both cells

29
Q

Injection related to inserting DNA into cells involves the use of?

A

use of a gene gun powered by compressed gas or blank .22 caliber cartridge, or microinjection using a micropipette

30
Q

define genome mapping

A

locating genes on nucleic acid

31
Q

What does restriction mapping map? How?

A

maps the relative location of genes, compare DNA fragments resulting from cleavages by several restriction enzymes to determine each fragments
location relative to another after the fragments are cleaved, their sizes are determined
by gel electrophoresis

32
Q

What does FISH stand for?

A

florescent in situ hybridization

33
Q

The improved Sanger method uses 4 dyes, one for each __.

A

nucleotide base

34
Q

What is next generation sequencing?

A

DNA synthesis temporarily stopped after
adding a single modified nucleotide & each of the 4 kinds of nucleotides fluoresces a color specific to the base, can sequence 4 billion nucleotide bases
per day

35
Q

Why is the Sanger method related to DNA sequencing?

A

began when Frederick Sanger used modified versions of the 4 DNA nucleotides that terminate DNA replication & examined the numerous fragments to
determine the sequence = Sanger method

36
Q

What is genomics?

A

the sequence & analysis of the nucleotide bases of genomes used to cleave & map them on gel, now use cDNA – much faster

37
Q

How does functional genomics reveal the function of the gene?

A

study what a gene’s products do, use a gene knockout where the single gene is removed & the rest of the genome is intact & phenotypic analysis
reveals the function

38
Q

How is protein synthesis related to pharmaceutical/therapeutic applications?

A

inserted synthetic genes for things like insulin & IFN, safe & less expensive than naturally occurring counterparts

39
Q

Vaccines stimulate what __ without injecting the organism.

A

immunity

40
Q

define DNA vaccines

A

usually circular plasmids with a gene encoding a viral protein

41
Q

Genetic screening uses __ to screen for __.

A

microarrays; the presence of gene

causing disease

42
Q

This is a unique way to identify individuals.

A

DNA fingerprinting

43
Q

With gene therapy, what happens to defective genes?

A

replaced with normal copies

44
Q

Gene silencing occurs naturally in eukaryotes and is in defense against?

A

viruses and transposons

45
Q

define medical diagnosis

A

use PCR & microarrays with genetic probes – rapid &

highly effective, used for almost all viruses & many bacteria

46
Q

What is the goal of HMP?

A

to identify & categorize all the different

species that live in and on the body

47
Q

What is the benefit to shotgun sequencing?

A

can study genomes of microbes that have not been cultured

48
Q

Metagenomics: genetic material comes from?

A

directly from environmental samples

49
Q

Bioinformatics is the science of?

A

understanding function of genes through

computer assisted analysis due to enough amount of info

50
Q

Proteomics is the science of?

A

determining all the proteins expressed in a cell

51
Q

Reverse genetics is the approach to?

A

discover gene function from a genetic
sequence, attempts to connect given genetic sequences with specific effects on an
organism

52
Q

Xenotransplants involve the transfer of __ into __.

A

animal cells/tissue/organs; human tissue

53
Q

What does biomedical animal models do to the mouse tissue?

A

make them more “human”

54
Q

GMO stands for:

A

genetically modified organisms

55
Q

What gene is used in herbicide resistance?

A

inserted gene from Salmonella that conveys

resistance to glyphosphate (Roundup)

56
Q

What is the purpose of salt tolerance?

A

excessive salt in soil decreases farmland, inserted gene for salt tolerance to they can use salty soil & organism removes salt to restore soil

57
Q

Why do they spray a stain of pseudomonas on crops?

A

prevents ice crystal formation

58
Q

What organism is used to produce pest resistance in crops?

A

Bacillus thurigiensis

59
Q

define nutritional yield and value

A

bovine growth hormone for cows grown in bacteria,

increased shelf life, gene for beta carotene added to rice

60
Q

What is nanotechnology used for?

A

to detect contamination in

food, disease in plants, bioweapons

Microbiology (10 decks)

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