L8 Flashcards
(60 cards)
Biotechnology involves the use of what? To make what?
microbes to make practical products
The use of artificial selection to select desirable traits, by means of genetic engineering (naturally and artificially modifying) is known as what type of technology?
recombinant DNA technology
A clone is?
group of genetically identical cells
List the three goals of genetic manipulation.
- eliminate undesired phenotypic traits
- combine beneficial traits of 2 or more organisms
- create organisms that synthesize products humans need
Mutagens are used to induce what? They select cells with what?
changes in genome; characteristics considered beneficial
Site-directed mutagenesis is different from mutagens, how?
more targeted, used to make a specific change
in a gene
Reverse transcriptase creates flow of genetic info in the opposite direction of what?
conventional transcriptase
Why is cDNA easier to isolate desired genes? What’s special about eukaryotic mRNA?
because there are more copies; eukaryotes mRNA has introns removed so can be inserted into prokaryotes to make eukaryotic proteins like insulin, uses reverse
transcriptase
What can synthetic nucleic acids produce? What is difficult about it?
DNA/RNA in a free cell solution; difficulty is knowing the sequence of the gene
define probes
nucleic acids w/ specific sequences labeled so their locations can be detected, short segment ssDNA that are complementary to desired gene
Restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules at locations with?
with specific & palindromic
nucleotide sequences
This occurs when the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA in the same place.
blunt ends
This occurs when the restriction enzyme makes staggered cuts. What can it be used to join?
sticky ends; can be used to join 2 different DNAs cut by the same restriction enzyme
give three examples of vectors
nucleic acids such as viruses, transposons, & plasmids
Shuttle vectors can survive in several different __.
species
What are gene libraries?
a collection of bacterial or phage clones which contain a portion of the genetic material of interest, many commercially available
What is used to amplify DNA in vitro?
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
What is denaturation in regards to DNA? What temp? What does it do?
heat 94 degrees C, separates 2 strands of target DNA
With an extension, the temp is raised to what? What does this increase?
72 degrees C; increases rate DNA pol
replicates each strand
Just 30 cycles can produce how many identical copies?
over one billion
What is a thermocycler?
device that automatically performs PCR
What can real time PCR measure? Monitor?
of DNA sequences in a sample; progression and effectiveness of treatment
What is clone selection of recombinant cells?
use probes to bind specifically & exclusively
to complementary nucleotides sequence with a radioactive or fluorescent label
What are “rif lips?”
in gel, electrophoresis, DNA digested with restriction enzymes to make thousands of fragments of various sizes, called RFLP (restriction fragment length plolymorphisms) “rif lips” & separate on gel
electrophoresis
