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Microbiology > L6 > Flashcards

L6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell

A

colony

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2
Q

requirements for growth include the nutrients:

A

C, O, H, N

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3
Q

What purposes does carbon serve in terms of chemicals?

A

needed for structural backbones of chemicals

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4
Q

What is nitrogen needed to form?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

What is sulfur used in?

A

sulfur-containing amino acids

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6
Q

What is phosphorous used in?

A

for cell membranes and nucleic acid synthesis

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7
Q

name three trace elements

A

Cu, An, Mb, and Zn

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8
Q

describe the process of nitrogen fixation

A

reduce nitrogen gas as N2 to ammonia (NH3-), provide usable nitrogen to other organisms

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9
Q

What 4 elements make up 95% of cells?

A

C, O, H, N

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10
Q

define organic growth factors

A

essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize and must get from environment

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11
Q

This uses light energy, and catabolizes organic compounds for nutrients:

A

photoheterotroph

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12
Q

This uses organic compounds for energy and carbon:

A

chemoheterotroph

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13
Q

Uses inorganic carbon sources such as carbon dioxide:

A

autotroph

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14
Q

Uses light as an energy source:

A

phototroph

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15
Q

Catabolizes organic molecules from other organisms:

A

heterotroph

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16
Q

Uses redox reactions of organic/inorganic compounds as energy source:

A

chemotroph

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17
Q

Uses light energy and carbon dioxide for carbon :

A

photoautotroph

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18
Q

Uses carbon dioxide for carbon, catabolizes organic compounds for nutrient:

A

chemoautotroph

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19
Q

Acquires electrons from same organic molecule that provides carbon and energy:

A

organotroph

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20
Q

Acquires electrons from an inorganic source (H2NO2-, H2S, etc.)

A

lithotroph

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21
Q

Consumes dead matter, are heterotrophs:

A

saprophytes

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22
Q

What is the difference between obligate aerobes and anaerobes?

A

ob. aerobes: oxygen is essential, acts as final electron receptor
ob. anaerobes: oxygen is deadly for these organisms

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23
Q

What type of organism requires oxygen levels at 2-10%? Give an example of one.

A

microphiles/microaerophiles; H. pylori

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24
Q

define facultative anaerobes

A

can do fermentation or anaerobic metabolism; less metabolic efficiency without oxygen

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25
Q

How do aerotolerant anaerobes tolerate oxygen?

A

because they have enzymes to handle the toxic forms of oxygen

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26
Q

What effect does temperature have?

A

has effect on 3D structure of protein and lipid components

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27
Q

What’s the difference between minimum growth temperature and maximum growth?

A

lowest temp. metabolism is possible vs vs. highest temp. metabolism possible

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28
Q

What is the temperature where metabolism is highest?

A

optimum

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29
Q

What temperatures do the following grow at: Psychrophile, Psychortrophs, and Mesophile?

A

below 15 degrees C; at 0 degrees C, usually no higher than 4 degrees C; 20-40 degrees C

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30
Q

What type of medophile can survive brief periods of higher temperatures?

A

thermoduric organisms

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31
Q

What type of organisms might you find in composts and hotsprings?

A

thermophile

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32
Q

What type of organism thrive above 80 degrees C? What’s an example of one that can survive an hour in the autoclave at 121 degrees C?

A

hyperthermophile

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33
Q

What does pH interfere with?

A

bonding

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34
Q

Give an example of an acidophile and an alkalinophile.

A

acido: H. pylori
alka: Vibrio cholerae

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35
Q

What is the optimum pH for a neutrophile?

A

6.5-7.5

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36
Q

define osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted on semipermeable membrane

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37
Q

What causes a cytoplasm to shrivel? What’s the term for it?

A

loss of water; plasmolysis

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38
Q

What is unique about obligate halophiles?

A

adapted to grow under high osmotic pressure such as in the great Salt Lake, some tolerate up to 30 % salt

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39
Q

How much salt can facultative halophiles tolerate?

A

up to 2%

40
Q

What type of pressure do barophiles live in? How much does pressure increase in water per 10M of depth?

A

under extreme pressure; pressure increases 1 atm. per 10 M depth increase

41
Q

define ecology

A

live in association with other organisms

42
Q

What are biofilms? Give an example of where you would find one in/on the human body?

A

different species that attach as a group and display metabolic and structural traits different than expressed by these organisms alone; on teeth

43
Q

What is the term that describes how bacteria are able to respond to nearby bacteria? What does it influence?

A

Quorom sensing; can influence ability to cause disease

44
Q

liquid media

A

broth

45
Q

collection of nutrients to allow organisms to grow

A

medium

46
Q

microorganisms that grow from an inoculum

A

culture

47
Q

cultures visible on surface of solid medium, we describe colony appearance by shape, margin, elevation, size, texture, appearance, pigmentation, optical property

A

colonies

48
Q

a sample of a culture

A

inoculum

49
Q

A clinical specimen uses a sample of human material examined for the presence of:

A

microbes

50
Q

What sources would you use for an environmental specimen?

A

ponds, streams, soil or air

51
Q

In a pure culture, cells arise from?

A

a single progenitor

52
Q

define CFU

A

(colony forming units), single cell or group of related cells that generate a colony

53
Q

What are isolated colonies?

A

separate and distinct from all other colonies

54
Q

For something to be sterile it needs to be?

A

free of microbial contaminants

55
Q

What is the term use to describe the period of time organisms are allowed to grow?

A

incubation

56
Q

What is the difference between streak plates and pour plates?

A

streak: sterile inoculating loop used to spread inoculate over medium to separate organisms to isolate CFUs
pour: CFUs separated by using a series of dilutions that are mixed and poured in petri dishes

57
Q

What can you use to pick up large organisms with?

A

micropipette

58
Q

What are petri plates filled with?

A

warm agar 7

59
Q

What is the purpose of slant tubes? What do they allow to grow?

A

agar solidifies at an angle; allow larger growing surface while the bottom is almost anaerobic

60
Q

If exact chemical composition is known, it is said to be:

A

chemically defined media

61
Q

What type of media uses yeast/beef/soy or other proteins?

A

complex media

62
Q

What does the term “selective” mean when referring to media?

A

favor the growth of some organisms and inhibits the growth of others

63
Q

What is the purpose of differential media?

A

presence of a visible change in media or colonies to differentiate types of growing bacteria

64
Q

If the media is said to be anaerobic, what type of organisms will you grow with it?

A

can use stab cultures to get anaerobic portion of media

65
Q

What compounds are found in reducing media?

A

compounds like sodium thioglycolate that combines with oxygen to make it anaerobic

66
Q

What is transport media designed to do?

A

used to carry clinical specimens, designed to maintain ratios of organisms, particularly in stool

67
Q

What form of media is used to differentiate ability to do hemolysis of RBCs?

A

blood agar

68
Q

What media is used to identify fermentation/fermenters? What color are the non-fermenters?

A

MacConkey agar; colorless/transparent

69
Q

What two types of animal cells are mostly used in media for organisms requiring living cells?

A

rabbit, bird

70
Q

What does a carbon dioxide incubator mimic?

A

GI tract

71
Q

Which organisms grow best with high CO2 and low O2? Give an example.

A

capnophiles; Neisseria gonorrheae

72
Q

If you are using enrichment culture, what are you trying to do?

A

use selective media and designed to increase a small number of a chosen microbe to an observable level

73
Q

What would you use for a cold tolerant species?

A

refrigerator

74
Q

When preserving a culture, how long can you freeze for and still restore?

A

-50 to -95 degrees C

75
Q

What is lyophilization?

A

form of preserving culture: freeze dry in a vacuum to remove water, can last decades, revived by adding to liquid culture media

76
Q

define binary fission

A

divide to produce to = size daughter cells

77
Q

What is budding?

A

forms a small initial outgrowth that enlarges and then separates

78
Q

Logarithmic/exponential grown describes something that:

A

grows much faster than arithmetic growth, 2 > 4 > 8 > 16…

79
Q

What is the generation time for most bacteria?

A

1-3 hours

80
Q

How many phases of microbial growth?

A

4

81
Q

What is a growth curve?

A

plots number of organisms in a growing population over time

82
Q

Which phase do you see rapid growth and reproduction?

A

log phase

83
Q

Which phase do you see cells adjusting to new environment and not reproducing?

A

lag phase

84
Q

What are the characteristics of the stationary phase?

A

of dying cells = # being produced, metabolic rate of survivors decreases, can use chemostat

85
Q

What does a chemostat do?

A

culture device that continually adds fresh medium equal to the amount removed to maintain a culture in a particular phase (typically log and postpone stationary phase)

86
Q

In which phase do more cells die than are produced?

A

death phase

87
Q

What is flow cytometry used for?

A

uses light transmission to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells

88
Q

What is an electronic counter used for?

A

counts cells as interrupt electric current glowing across narrow tube

89
Q

Describe the 3 steps of the microscopic count.

A

1) sample placed in cell counter
2) glass slide with a grid
3) count # of bacteria in several squares to estimate bacteria per mL (cc)

90
Q

define membrane filtration

A

large sample poured through a membrane and then transferred onto solid medium; # of colonies = CFU in original large sample

used when organisms are very dilute, at least 100 ml of water collected and passed through filter and transferred to a petri dish with nutrient medium

91
Q

How many CFUs should be plated for a viable plate count?

A

25-250

92
Q

define MPN

A

most probably number: statistical estimate, based on the more bacteria in a sample, the more dilutions required to reduce # to zero

93
Q

What device is used to determine turbidity?

A

spectrophotometer

94
Q

What is the term that describes the rate at which populations utilize nutrients and produce waste?

A

metabolic activity

95
Q

With dry weight, organisms are:

A

filtered, dried and weighed

96
Q

Using the genetic method, what did one study estimate regarding 1 gram of garden soil?

A

100 billion bacteria and archae of 10 million different species

Microbiology (10 decks)

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